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      string: '{"assessment_date":"2020-12-18T00:00:00.000Z","year_published":"2021","latest":true,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":22694927,"criteria":"A2abcde+4abcde","url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694927/166290968","citation":"BirdLife
        International 2021. Fratercula arctica (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List
        of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22694927A166290968. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694927A166290968.en.
        Accessed on 18 September 2024.","assessment_id":166290968,"assessment_points":false,"assessment_ranges":true,"taxon":{"sis_id":22694927,"scientific_name":"Fratercula
        arctica","species_taxa":[],"subpopulation_taxa":[],"infrarank_taxa":[],"kingdom_name":"ANIMALIA","phylum_name":"CHORDATA","class_name":"AVES","order_name":"CHARADRIIFORMES","family_name":"ALCIDAE","genus_name":"Fratercula","species_name":"arctica","subpopulation_name":null,"infra_name":null,"authority":"(Linnaeus,
        1758)","species":true,"subpopulation":false,"infrarank":false,"ssc_groups":[{"name":"IUCN
        SSC Bird Red List Authority (BirdLife International)","url":"https://www.birdlife.org/","description":"Red
        List Authority Coordinator: Ian Burfield (ian.burfield@birdlife.org)"}],"common_names":[{"main":false,"name":"Puffin","language":{"code":"eng","description":{"en":"English"}}},{"main":true,"name":"Atlantic
        Puffin","language":{"code":"eng","description":{"en":"English"}}}],"synonyms":[]},"population_trend":{"description":{"en":"Decreasing"},"code":"1"},"red_list_category":{"version":"3.1","description":{"en":"Endangered"},"code":"EN"},"supplementary_info":{"upper_elevation_limit":null,"lower_elevation_limit":null,"lower_depth_limit":null,"upper_depth_limit":null,"population_size":"7400000-8240000,7820000","population_severely_fragmented":"No","population_continuing_decline":"Yes","generational_length":"17","congregatory":"Congregatory
        (and dispersive)","movement_patterns":"Full Migrant","continuing_decline_in_area":"Unknown","conservation_actions_in_place":[{"name":"In-place
        research and monitoring","actions":[{"name":"Action Recovery Plan","value":"Yes"},{"name":"Systematic
        monitoring scheme","value":"No"}]},{"name":"In-place land/water protection","actions":[{"name":"Conservation
        sites identified","value":"Yes, over entire range"},{"name":"Occurs in at
        least one protected area","value":"Yes"},{"name":"Invasive species control
        or prevention","value":"No"}]},{"name":"In-place species management","actions":[{"name":"Successfully
        reintroduced or introduced benignly","value":"No"},{"name":"Subject to ex-situ
        conservation","value":"No"}]},{"name":"In-place education","actions":[{"name":"Subject
        to recent education and awareness programmes","value":"No"},{"name":"Included
        in international legislation","value":"Yes"},{"name":"Subject to any international
        management / trade controls","value":"No"}]}],"identification_information":null,"extreme_fluctuations":"No","no_of_subpopulations":null,"continuing_decline_in_subpopulations":"Unknown","extreme_fluctuations_in_subpopulations":"No","all_individuals_in_one_subpopulation":"No","no_of_individuals_in_largest_subpopulation":null,"estimated_area_of_occupancy":null,"continuing_decline_in_area_of_occupancy":"Unknown","extreme_fluctuations_in_area_of_occupancy":"No","estimated_extent_of_occurence":null,"continuing_decline_in_extent_of_occurence":"Unknown","extreme_fluctuations_in_extent_of_occurence":"No","continuing_decline_in_number_of_locations":"Unknown","extreme_fluctuations_in_number_of_locations":"No"},"documentation":{"range":"The
        species can be found throughout the North Atlantic Ocean. In Europe, it occurs
        in north-west Greenland (to Denmark), and from north Norway down to the Canary
        Islands, Spain in the east (Nettleship \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e
        2014), and breeds primarily in Norway and Iceland, and also notably in the
        United Kingdom and the Faroe Islands.","population":"The European breeding
        population is estimated at 3,700,000-4,120,000 pairs, which equates to\u0026#160;7,400,000-8,240,000
        mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 601,000-602,000
        pairs, which equates to 1,200,000-1,210,000 mature individuals. For details
        of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","habitats":"The
        breeding range is restricted to colder parts of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans,
        with its southernmost colonies in Brittany (France).\u0026#160; Breeding colonies
        are located in Iceland, Norway, Faroe Islands, the U.K., Ireland and France
        on islands or high cliffs.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe species nests
        on grassy maritime slopes, sea cliffs and rocky slopes (Nettleship \u003cem\u003eet
        al.\u003c/em\u003e 2014). During the winter the species is highly pelagic
        and is dispersed widely across the sea from the Azores to the western Mediterranean
        and Canary Islands. When feeding chicks, birds generally forage within 10
        km of their colony, but may range as far as 50 to 100 km or more (Harris 1984,
        Rodway and Montevecchi 1996). Birds of this species are pursuit-divers that
        catch most of their prey within 30 m of the water surface (Piatt and Nettleship
        1985). They prey on ''forage'' species, including juvenile pelagic fishes,
        such as herring (\u003cem\u003eClupea harengus\u003c/em\u003e), juvenile and
        adult capelin (\u003cem\u003eMallotus villosus\u003c/em\u003e), and sand eel
        (\u003cem\u003eAmmodytes \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003espp.\u003c/em\u003e)
        (Barrett \u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c/em\u003e1987). At times, they also prey
        on juvenile demersal fishes, such as gadids (Harris and Hislop 1978, Martin
        1989, Rodway and Montevecchi 1996). Sand eels usually form the majority of
        the prey fed to chicks (Corkhill 1973, Hislop and Harris 1985, Harris and
        Wanless 1986, Harris and Riddiford 1989, Martin 1989), and many chicks starve
        during periods of low sand eel abundance (Martin 1989).\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eAlthough
        the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated
        using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments
        were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new
        information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to
        a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","threats":"This
        species is highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change, such as sea
        temperature rise and shifts in prey distribution and abundance (Durant \u003cem\u003eet
        al.\u003c/em\u003e 2003, Sandvik \u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c/em\u003e2005).
        This is a particularly important threat when prey species are exploited unsustainably,
        leading to prey reductions and subsequent unsuccessful breeding. The species
        is vulnerable to oil spills and other marine pollution. The species is also
        vulnerable to extreme weather events and storms, with large wrecks recorded
        following severe winter storms at sea. At the breeding colonies the species
        is vulnerable to invasive predators, such as rats, cats, and American Mink
        (\u003cem\u003eNeovison vison\u003c/em\u003e). The species is susceptible
        to being caught in gillnets, although other fishing gears may also catch significant
        numbers. Increasing numbers of offshore wind farms may result in displacement
        from habitat, although the risk of collision is considered very low (Bradbury
        \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2014). The species is hunted for human
        consumption in Iceland, and in the Faroe Islands (Thorup \u003cem\u003eet
        al.\u003c/em\u003e 2014).","measures":"\u003cstrong\u003eConservation Actions
        Underway\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe species is listed under the
        African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. The species is included in the Action
        plan for seabirds in Western-Nordic areas (2010). There are 76 marine Important
        Bird Areas identified across the European region. Within the EU there are
        40 Special Protection Areas which list this species as occurring within its
        boundaries. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConservation Actions
        Proposed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eFurther identification of important
        sites for this species, particularly in offshore regions and designation as
        marine protected areas; Identify the risks of different activities on seabirds,
        and locations sensitive to seabirds. Continue eradication of invasive predators
        from breeding colonies. Management of fisheries to ensure long term sustainability
        of key stocks (e.g. sand eels). Establish observer schemes for bycatch and
        prepare National/European Community plans of action on seabird bycatch. Continue
        AMAP monitoring of seabird contaminants; include new contaminants and secure
        communication between seabird and contaminants research. Increase the level
        of understanding among the public of introducing hunting restrictions. Develop
        codes-of-conduct for more organised activities (e.g. tourism). Ensure that
        appropriate protection (national laws and international agreements) applies
        to new areas and times in cases of changes in seabird migration routes and
        times.","use_trade":null,"rationale":"\u003cstrong\u003eEuropean regional
        assessment:\u0026#160;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEndangered (EN)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eEU28
        regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eIn
        Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence
        (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much
        larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for
        Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population
        size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and
        hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population
        size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been
        calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The
        population trend appears to be decreasing at a very rapid rate which meets
        the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size reduction criterion
        (criterion A). The species is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There
        is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the
        region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.\u0026#160;\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eIn
        the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO)
        is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger
        than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable
        under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is
        extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it
        does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size
        criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing,
        and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under
        the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of
        extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E
        cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern
        in the EU28.","trend_justification":"In Europe, the population size is estimated
        to have decreased by approximately 68% (best estimate) over the past 51 years
        (three generations) and is expected to decline at a similar rate between 1970-2021.  In
        the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. These trends
        were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on Náttúrufræðistofnun
        Íslands\u0026#160;2018 and Fauchald \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026#160;2015,
        and on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information
        (see this document for details of national estimates).","taxonomic_notes":null},"biogeographical_realms":[{"description":{"en":"Palearctic"},"code":"7"}],"conservation_actions":[{"note":"","code":"5_4_4","description":{"en":"Scale
        unspecified"}},{"note":"","code":"1_1","description":{"en":"Site/area protection"}},{"note":"","code":"2_1","description":{"en":"Site/area
        management"}},{"note":"","code":"1_2","description":{"en":"Resource \u0026
        habitat protection"}},{"note":"","code":"4_3","description":{"en":"Awareness
        \u0026 communications"}},{"note":"","code":"2_2","description":{"en":"Invasive/problematic
        species control"}},{"note":"","code":"5_2","description":{"en":"Policies and
        regulations"}}],"faos":[],"habitats":[{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":"Breeding
        Season","suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Marine Neritic - Macroalgal/Kelp"},"code":"9_7"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":"Non-Breeding
        Season","suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Marine Neritic - Pelagic"},"code":"9_1"},{"majorImportance":"No","season":"Non-Breeding
        Season","suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic
        (0-200m)"},"code":"10_1"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":"Non-Breeding
        Season","suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Marine Neritic - Subtidal
        Sandy-Mud"},"code":"9_5"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":"Non-Breeding
        Season","suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Marine Neritic - Subtidal
        Loose Rock/pebble/gravel"},"code":"9_3"},{"majorImportance":"No","season":"Breeding
        Season","suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Marine Oceanic - Mesopelagic
        (200-1000m)"},"code":"10_2"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":"Non-Breeding
        Season","suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Marine Neritic - Subtidal
        Sandy"},"code":"9_4"},{"majorImportance":"No","season":"Breeding Season","suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Marine
        Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline"},"code":"12_1"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":"Breeding
        Season","suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Marine Neritic - Seagrass
        (Submerged)"},"code":"9_9"},{"majorImportance":"No","season":"Breeding Season","suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Marine
        Intertidal - Tidepools"},"code":"12_6"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":"Non-Breeding
        Season","suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Marine Neritic - Subtidal
        Rock and Rocky Reefs"},"code":"9_2"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":"Breeding
        Season","suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Grassland - Temperate"},"code":"4_4"},{"majorImportance":"No","season":"Breeding
        Season","suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Marine Coastal/Supratidal
        - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands"},"code":"13_1"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":"Breeding
        Season","suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Grassland - Subarctic"},"code":"4_2"}],"locations":[{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Non-Breeding
        Season"],"description":{"en":"Belgium"},"code":"BE"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Non-Breeding
        Season"],"description":{"en":"Spain"},"code":"ES"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Iceland"},"code":"IS"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Non-Breeding
        Season"],"description":{"en":"Netherlands"},"code":"NL"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Breeding
        Season"],"description":{"en":"United Kingdom"},"code":"GB"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Non-Breeding
        Season"],"description":{"en":"Germany"},"code":"DE"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident","Passage"],"description":{"en":"France"},"code":"FR"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Vagrant","presence":"Extant","seasonality":null,"description":{"en":"Malta"},"code":"MT"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Greenland"},"code":"GL"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Non-Breeding
        Season"],"description":{"en":"Italy"},"code":"IT"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Origin
        Uncertain","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Seasonal Occurrence Uncertain"],"description":{"en":"Estonia"},"code":"EE"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Vagrant","presence":"Extant","seasonality":null,"description":{"en":"Croatia"},"code":"HR"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Breeding
        Season"],"description":{"en":"Russian Federation"},"code":"RU"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Vagrant","presence":"Extant","seasonality":null,"description":{"en":"Austria"},"code":"AT"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Non-Breeding
        Season","Passage"],"description":{"en":"Denmark"},"code":"DK"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Vagrant","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Seasonal
        Occurrence Uncertain"],"description":{"en":"Serbia"},"code":"RS"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Vagrant","presence":"Extant","seasonality":null,"description":{"en":"Finland"},"code":"FI"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Passage","Non-Breeding
        Season"],"description":{"en":"Gibraltar"},"code":"GI"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Non-Breeding
        Season"],"description":{"en":"Sweden"},"code":"SE"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Origin
        Uncertain","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Seasonal Occurrence Uncertain"],"description":{"en":"Lithuania"},"code":"LT"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Ireland"},"code":"IE"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Breeding
        Season"],"description":{"en":"European Russia"},"code":"RU-EU"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Faroe
        Islands"},"code":"FO"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Vagrant","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Seasonal
        Occurrence Uncertain"],"description":{"en":"Montenegro"},"code":"ME"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Vagrant","presence":"Extant","seasonality":null,"description":{"en":"Hungary"},"code":"HU"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Breeding
        Season"],"description":{"en":"Svalbard and Jan Mayen"},"code":"SJ"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Origin
        Uncertain","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Seasonal Occurrence Uncertain"],"description":{"en":"Latvia"},"code":"LV"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Breeding
        Season"],"description":{"en":"Norway"},"code":"NO"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Non-Breeding
        Season"],"description":{"en":"Portugal"},"code":"PT"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":"Unknown","origin":"Vagrant","presence":"Extant","seasonality":null,"description":{"en":"Poland"},"code":"PL"}],"researches":[{"note":"","code":"1_5","description":{"en":"Threats"}},{"note":"","code":"3_1","description":{"en":"Population
        trends"}}],"use_and_trade":[{"international":null,"national":true,"other":null,"subsistence":true,"description":{"en":"Food
        - human"},"code":"1"},{"international":true,"national":null,"other":null,"subsistence":null,"description":{"en":"Pets/display
        animals, horticulture"},"code":"13"}],"threats":[{"scope":"Majority (50-90%)","timing":"Ongoing","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Medium
        Impact: 6","severity":"Slow, Significant Declines","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":"Neovison
        vison","text":null,"description":{"en":"Named species"},"code":"8_1_2"},{"scope":"Unknown","timing":"Ongoing","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Unknown","severity":"Unknown","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Habitat
        shifting \u0026 alteration"},"code":"11_1"},{"scope":"Minority (\u003c50%)","timing":"Ongoing","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Low
        Impact: 5","severity":"Slow, Significant Declines","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Intentional
        use (species is the target)"},"code":"5_1_1"},{"scope":"Minority (\u003c50%)","timing":"Ongoing","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Low
        Impact: 5","severity":"Causing/Could cause fluctuations","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Renewable
        energy"},"code":"3_3"},{"scope":"Unknown","timing":"Ongoing","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Unknown","severity":"Rapid
        Declines","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Storms
        \u0026 flooding"},"code":"11_4"},{"scope":"Unknown","timing":"Ongoing","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Unknown","severity":"Unknown","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Temperature
        extremes"},"code":"11_3"},{"scope":"Unknown","timing":"Past, Likely to Return","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Past
        Impact","severity":"Rapid Declines","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Oil
        spills"},"code":"9_2_1"},{"scope":"Unknown","timing":"Ongoing","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Unknown","severity":"Rapid
        Declines","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Unintentional
        effects: (large scale) [harvest]"},"code":"5_4_4"},{"scope":"Unknown","timing":"Ongoing","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Unknown","severity":"Unknown","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Other
        impacts"},"code":"11_5"},{"scope":"Unknown","timing":"Ongoing","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Unknown","severity":"Unknown","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Type
        Unknown/Unrecorded"},"code":"9_2_3"}],"credits":[{"credit_type_name":"assessor","full":"BirdLife
        International","value":[" BirdLife International (BirdLife International)"]},{"credit_type_name":"evaluator","full":"Burfield,
        I. \u0026 Martin, R.","value":["Ian Burfield (BirdLife International - European
        Division)","Rob Martin (BirdLife)"]},{"credit_type_name":"contributor","full":"Ashpole,
        J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. \u0026
        Wright, L","value":["Ian Burfield (BirdLife International - European Division)","Joscelyne
        Ashpole (BirdLife)","Rob Pople (BirdLife International)","Christina Ieronymidou
        (BirdLife International)","Hannah Wheatley (BirdLife International)","Laura
        Wright (BirdLife)","M Tarzia (BirdLife)"]},{"credit_type_name":"facilitators","full":"Fernando,
        E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. \u0026 Staneva, A.","value":["Anna
        Staneva (BirdLIfe International)","Hannah Grice (RBG Kew)","Eresha Fernando
        (BirdLife International)","Claire Rutherford (BirdLife International)","Alexa
        Piggott (BirdLife International)"]}],"errata":[],"references":[{"citation":"del
        Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., and Sargatal, J. 1996. \u003ci\u003eHandbook of the
        Birds of the World, vol. 3: Hoatzin to Auks\u003c/i\u003e. Lynx Edicions,
        Barcelona, Spain.","year":"1996","title":"Handbook of the Birds of the World,
        vol. 3: Hoatzin to Auks","author":"del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., and Sargatal,
        J.","citation_short":""},{"citation":"BirdLife International. 2000. \u003ci\u003eThe
        Development of Boundary Selection Criteria for the Extension of Breeding Seabird
        Special Protection Areas into the Marine Environment. OSPAR Convention for
        the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic.\u003c/i\u003e
        Vlissingen (Flushing).","year":"2000","title":"The Development of Boundary
        Selection Criteria for the Extension of Breeding Seabird Special Protection
        Areas into the Marine Environment. OSPAR Convention for the Protection of
        the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic.","author":"BirdLife International","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Harris,
        M.P. and Riddiford, N.J. 1989. The food of some young seabirds on Fair Isle
        in 1986-88. \u003ci\u003eScottish Birds\u003c/i\u003e 15: 119-125.","year":"1989","title":"The
        food of some young seabirds on Fair Isle in 1986-88","author":"Harris, M.P.
        and Riddiford, N.J.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Harris, M.P. and
        Hislop, J.R.G. 1978. The food of young puffins. \u003ci\u003eJournal of Zoology\u003c/i\u003e
        185: 213-236.","year":"1978","title":"The food of young puffins","author":"Harris,
        M.P. and Hislop, J.R.G.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Harris, M.P.
        and Wanless, S. 1986. The food of young razorbills on the Isle of May and
        a comparison with that of young guillemots and puffins. \u003ci\u003eOrnis
        Scandinavica\u003c/i\u003e 17: 41-46.","year":"1986","title":"The food of
        young razorbills on the Isle of May and a comparison with that of young guillemots
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  recorded_at: 2024-09-18 16:08:32 GMT
  recorded_with: vcr/1.6.0, webmockr/1.0.0
