http_interactions:
- request:
    method: get
    uri: https://api.iucnredlist.org/api/v4/taxa/sis/3746
    body:
      encoding: ''
      string: ''
    headers:
      User-Agent: r-curl/6.2.2 crul/1.5.0 rOpenSci(rredlist/1.0.0.9000)
      Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
      Accept: application/json, text/xml, application/xml, */*
      Authorization: My bearer token is safe
  response:
    status:
      status_code: '200'
      message: OK
      explanation: Request fulfilled, document follows
    headers:
      status: HTTP/1.1 200 OK
      date: Tue, 08 Jul 2025 15:43:10 GMT
      content-type: application/json
      transfer-encoding: chunked
      connection: keep-alive
      cache-control: max-age=0, private, must-revalidate
      etag: W/"1f3895841252c1fc6d7ab8c5dfe38f2a"
      x-request-id: 2d254054-bf9f-4458-a65d-1598adb93022
      x-runtime: '0.144262'
      cf-cache-status: DYNAMIC
      nel: '{"report_to":"cf-nel","success_fraction":0.0,"max_age":604800}'
      speculation-rules: '"/cdn-cgi/speculation"'
      report-to: '{"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800,"endpoints":[{"url":"https://a.nel.cloudflare.com/report/v4?s=0rvrRUkN%2FJ3Ge7IDUAkMQHRVGX7itoOTZDCu2xC%2FmP6rTpj73FMqiT%2BvPq1OaIdkZXBSGvqaRdhn3PKVNBilj4L4XA2AgCtnAXHRIl2D%2FBZ87NM%3D"}]}'
      content-encoding: gzip
      server: cloudflare
      cf-ray: 95c0b21ad86a5e6a-EWR
      alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=86400
    body:
      encoding: ''
      file: no
      string: '{"sis_id":3746,"taxon":{"sis_id":3746,"scientific_name":"Canis lupus","species_taxa":[],"subpopulation_taxa":[],"infrarank_taxa":[{"sis_id":223987824,"scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus ssp. chanco","kingdom_name":"ANIMALIA","phylum_name":"CHORDATA","class_name":"MAMMALIA","order_name":"CARNIVORA","family_name":"CANIDAE","genus_name":"Canis","species_name":"lupus","subpopulation_name":null,"infra_name":"chanco","authority":"Gray,
        1863","ssc_groups":[{"name":"IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group (foxes, jackals
        and wild dogs)","url":"http://www.canids.org/","description":"Chair: Claudio
        Sillero-Zubiri (email: canids@zoology.oxford.ac.uk)\nRed List Authority Coordinator:
        Michael Hoffmann (email: mike.hoffmann@zsl.org)\nNewsletter: http://www.canids.org/c-b-c"}],"common_names":[{"main":false,"name":"Tibetan
        Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Woolly Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":true,"name":"Himalayan
        Wolf","language":"eng"}],"synonyms":[{"name":"Canis lupus ssp. laniger Hodgson,
        1847","status":"ACCEPTED","genus_name":"Canis","species_name":"lupus","species_author":null,"infrarank_author":"Hodgson,
        1847","subpopulation_name":null,"infra_type":"subspecies","infra_name":"laniger"},{"name":"Canis
        chanco Gray, 1863","status":"ACCEPTED","genus_name":"Canis","species_name":"chanco","species_author":"Gray,
        1863","infrarank_author":null,"subpopulation_name":null,"infra_type":null,"infra_name":null},{"name":"Canis
        lupus ssp. himalayensis Aggarwal, Kivisild, Ramadevi \u0026 Singh, 2007","status":"ACCEPTED","genus_name":"Canis","species_name":"lupus","species_author":null,"infrarank_author":"Aggarwal,
        Kivisild, Ramadevi \u0026 Singh, 2007","subpopulation_name":null,"infra_type":"subspecies","infra_name":"himalayensis"},{"name":"Canis  lupus
        ssp. filchneri Matschie, 1907","status":"ACCEPTED","genus_name":"Canis ","species_name":"lupus","species_author":null,"infrarank_author":"Matschie,
        1907","subpopulation_name":null,"infra_type":"subspecies","infra_name":"filchneri"}]},{"sis_id":223987953,"scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus ssp. pallipes","kingdom_name":"ANIMALIA","phylum_name":"CHORDATA","class_name":"MAMMALIA","order_name":"CARNIVORA","family_name":"CANIDAE","genus_name":"Canis","species_name":"lupus","subpopulation_name":null,"infra_name":"pallipes","authority":"Sykes,
        1831","ssc_groups":[{"name":"IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group (foxes, jackals
        and wild dogs)","url":"http://www.canids.org/","description":"Chair: Claudio
        Sillero-Zubiri (email: canids@zoology.oxford.ac.uk)\nRed List Authority Coordinator:
        Michael Hoffmann (email: mike.hoffmann@zsl.org)\nNewsletter: http://www.canids.org/c-b-c"}],"common_names":[{"main":false,"name":"Indian
        peninsular wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"بھیڑیا Bhediya","language":"urd"},{"main":false,"name":"بھگیاڑ
        (Bhigiyarh)","language":"pan"},{"main":false,"name":"بگھڑ (Baghar)","language":"snd"},{"main":false,"name":"لیووه
        (lewo),  شرماخ (Sharmakh)","language":"pus"},{"main":false,"name":"कॉळसूणे
        (kŏḷsūṇe), तॉळ (tŏḷ)","language":"kok"},{"main":false,"name":"चारि नार (chari
        nar)","language":"raj"},{"main":false,"name":"भेड़िया Bhediya","language":"hin"},{"main":false,"name":"लांडगा
        (lāṇḍagā)","language":"mar"},{"main":false,"name":"વરુ (varu), નાર (nar)","language":"guj"},{"main":false,"name":"తోడేలు
        (Tōḍēlu)","language":"tel"},{"main":false,"name":"ತೋಳ (Tola)","language":"kan"},{"main":false,"name":"ஓநாய்
        (Ōnāy)","language":"tam"},{"main":false,"name":"ചെന്നായ് (Chennaya)","language":"mal"},{"main":false,"name":"কুকুৰনেছীয়া
        বাঘ (Kurnechiya Bhagh)","language":"asm"},{"main":false,"name":"নেকড়ে (nēkaṛē),
        হুরাল (Hural), হুরার (Hurar)","language":"ben"},{"main":true,"name":"Indian
        Wolf","language":"eng"}],"synonyms":[{"name":"Canis pallipes Sykes, 1831","status":"ACCEPTED","genus_name":"Canis","species_name":"pallipes","species_author":"Sykes,
        1831","infrarank_author":null,"subpopulation_name":null,"infra_type":null,"infra_name":null},{"name":"Canis
        indica Aggarwal, Kivisild, Ramadevi, Singh 2007","status":"ADD","genus_name":"Canis","species_name":"indica","species_author":"Aggarwal,
        Kivisild, Ramadevi, Singh 2007","infrarank_author":null,"subpopulation_name":null,"infra_type":null,"infra_name":null}]}],"kingdom_name":"ANIMALIA","phylum_name":"CHORDATA","class_name":"MAMMALIA","order_name":"CARNIVORA","family_name":"CANIDAE","genus_name":"Canis","species_name":"lupus","subpopulation_name":null,"infra_name":null,"authority":"Linnaeus,
        1758","species":true,"subpopulation":false,"infrarank":false,"ssc_groups":[{"name":"IUCN
        SSC Canid Specialist Group (foxes, jackals and wild dogs)","url":"http://www.canids.org/","description":"Chair:
        Claudio Sillero-Zubiri (email: canids@zoology.oxford.ac.uk)\nRed List Authority
        Coordinator: Michael Hoffmann (email: mike.hoffmann@zsl.org)\nNewsletter:
        http://www.canids.org/c-b-c"}],"common_names":[{"main":false,"name":"Arctic
        Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Common Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Gray
        Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Mexican Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Plains
        Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Timber Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Tundra
        Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Dheeb","language":"ara"},{"main":false,"name":"Farkas","language":"hun"},{"main":false,"name":"Hunt","language":"est"},{"main":false,"name":"Kurt","language":"tur"},{"main":false,"name":"Lobo","language":"spa"},{"main":false,"name":"Loup","language":"fre"},{"main":false,"name":"Loup
        gris","language":"fre"},{"main":false,"name":"Loup vulgaire","language":"fre"},{"main":false,"name":"Lup","language":"rum"},{"main":false,"name":"Lupo","language":"ita"},{"main":false,"name":"Saaral
        Chono","language":"mon"},{"main":false,"name":"Susi","language":"fin"},{"main":false,"name":"Ujku","language":"alb"},{"main":false,"name":"Ulv","language":"nor"},{"main":false,"name":"Varg","language":"swe"},{"main":false,"name":"Vilkas","language":"lit"},{"main":false,"name":"Vilks","language":"lav"},{"main":false,"name":"Vlk","language":"cze"},{"main":false,"name":"Vlk","language":"slo"},{"main":false,"name":"Volk","language":"slv"},{"main":false,"name":"Vuk","language":"scr"},{"main":false,"name":"Wilk","language":"pol"},{"main":false,"name":"Wolf","language":"ger"},{"main":false,"name":"الذئب
        العربي","language":"ara"},{"main":false,"name":"λύκος","language":"gre"},{"main":false,"name":"вовк","language":"ukr"},{"main":false,"name":"волк","language":"mac"},{"main":false,"name":"волк","language":"rus"},{"main":false,"name":"вук","language":"scc"},{"main":true,"name":"Grey
        Wolf","language":"eng"}],"synonyms":[]},"assessments":[{"year_published":"2025","latest":true,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/216872082","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"LC","assessment_id":216872082,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Europe"},"code":"2"}]},{"year_published":"2018","latest":false,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/119623865","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"LC","assessment_id":119623865,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Global"},"code":"1"}]},{"year_published":"2023","latest":true,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/247624660","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"LC","assessment_id":247624660,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Global"},"code":"1"}]},{"year_published":"2018","latest":false,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/163508960","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"LC","assessment_id":163508960,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Global"},"code":"1"}]},{"year_published":"2018","latest":false,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/144226239","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"LC","assessment_id":144226239,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Europe"},"code":"2"}]},{"year_published":"2018","latest":false,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/133234888","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"LC","assessment_id":133234888,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Europe"},"code":"2"}]},{"year_published":"2010","latest":false,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/10049204","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"LC","assessment_id":10049204,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Global"},"code":"1"}]},{"year_published":"2008","latest":false,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/10047272","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"LC","assessment_id":10047272,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Global"},"code":"1"}]},{"year_published":"2010","latest":true,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/10048228","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"LC","assessment_id":10048228,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Mediterranean"},"code":"4"}]},{"year_published":"2007","latest":false,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/10048689","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"LC","assessment_id":10048689,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Europe"},"code":"2"}]},{"year_published":"2004","latest":false,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/10047740","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"LC","assessment_id":10047740,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Global"},"code":"1"}]},{"year_published":"1996","latest":false,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/10049157","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"LR/lc","assessment_id":10049157,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Global"},"code":"1"}]},{"year_published":"1994","latest":false,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/10049693","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"V","assessment_id":10049693,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Global"},"code":"1"}]},{"year_published":"1990","latest":false,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/10049676","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"V","assessment_id":10049676,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Global"},"code":"1"}]},{"year_published":"1988","latest":false,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/10049130","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"V","assessment_id":10049130,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Global"},"code":"1"}]},{"year_published":"1986","latest":false,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/10049103","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"V","assessment_id":10049103,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Global"},"code":"1"}]},{"year_published":"1982","latest":false,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/10049177","taxon_scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","red_list_category_code":"V","assessment_id":10049177,"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Global"},"code":"1"}]}]}'
  recorded_at: 2025-07-08 15:43:12 GMT
  recorded_with: vcr/1.7.0, webmockr/2.0.0
- request:
    method: get
    uri: https://api.iucnredlist.org/api/v4/assessment/216872082
    body:
      encoding: ''
      string: ''
    headers:
      User-Agent: r-curl/6.2.2 crul/1.5.0 rOpenSci(rredlist/1.0.0.9000)
      Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
      Accept: application/json, text/xml, application/xml, */*
      Authorization: My bearer token is safe
  response:
    status:
      status_code: '200'
      message: OK
      explanation: Request fulfilled, document follows
    headers:
      status: HTTP/1.1 200 OK
      date: Tue, 08 Jul 2025 15:43:11 GMT
      content-type: application/json
      transfer-encoding: chunked
      connection: keep-alive
      cache-control: max-age=0, private, must-revalidate
      etag: W/"548f113d11752dab7c81612e0e617fa1"
      x-request-id: 88115123-e0d6-4542-8c49-c529660804be
      x-runtime: '0.279489'
      cf-cache-status: DYNAMIC
      nel: '{"report_to":"cf-nel","success_fraction":0.0,"max_age":604800}'
      speculation-rules: '"/cdn-cgi/speculation"'
      report-to: '{"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800,"endpoints":[{"url":"https://a.nel.cloudflare.com/report/v4?s=91rdhDg7RrPwmr0fBw35SoLi1JzPJPbZC%2FZyjTm4IHYVgmG8klXce%2BfJZzFfmdMFuQkVGn6lY9x%2B2y6DV90efT7eXFlK%2FTC0YKbphnENInYgjw0%3D"}]}'
      content-encoding: gzip
      server: cloudflare
      cf-ray: 95c0b21c9a505e6a-EWR
      alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=86400
    body:
      encoding: ''
      file: no
      string: '{"assessment_date":"2023-01-18T00:00:00.000Z","year_published":"2025","latest":true,"possibly_extinct":false,"possibly_extinct_in_the_wild":false,"sis_taxon_id":3746,"criteria":null,"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/216872082","citation":"Boitani,
        L. 2025. Canis lupus (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened
        Species 2025: e.T3746A216872082. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-1.RLTS.T3746A216872082.en.
        Accessed on 07 July 2025.","assessment_id":216872082,"assessment_points":false,"assessment_ranges":true,"taxon":{"sis_id":3746,"scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus","species_taxa":[],"subpopulation_taxa":[],"infrarank_taxa":[{"sis_id":223987824,"scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus ssp. chanco","kingdom_name":"ANIMALIA","phylum_name":"CHORDATA","class_name":"MAMMALIA","order_name":"CARNIVORA","family_name":"CANIDAE","genus_name":"Canis","species_name":"lupus","subpopulation_name":null,"infra_name":"chanco","authority":"Gray,
        1863","ssc_groups":[{"name":"IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group (foxes, jackals
        and wild dogs)","url":"http://www.canids.org/","description":"Chair: Claudio
        Sillero-Zubiri (email: canids@zoology.oxford.ac.uk)\nRed List Authority Coordinator:
        Michael Hoffmann (email: mike.hoffmann@zsl.org)\nNewsletter: http://www.canids.org/c-b-c"}],"common_names":[{"main":false,"name":"Tibetan
        Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Woolly Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":true,"name":"Himalayan
        Wolf","language":"eng"}],"synonyms":[{"name":"Canis lupus ssp. laniger Hodgson,
        1847","status":"ACCEPTED","genus_name":"Canis","species_name":"lupus","species_author":null,"infrarank_author":"Hodgson,
        1847","subpopulation_name":null,"infra_type":"subspecies","infra_name":"laniger"},{"name":"Canis
        chanco Gray, 1863","status":"ACCEPTED","genus_name":"Canis","species_name":"chanco","species_author":"Gray,
        1863","infrarank_author":null,"subpopulation_name":null,"infra_type":null,"infra_name":null},{"name":"Canis
        lupus ssp. himalayensis Aggarwal, Kivisild, Ramadevi \u0026 Singh, 2007","status":"ACCEPTED","genus_name":"Canis","species_name":"lupus","species_author":null,"infrarank_author":"Aggarwal,
        Kivisild, Ramadevi \u0026 Singh, 2007","subpopulation_name":null,"infra_type":"subspecies","infra_name":"himalayensis"},{"name":"Canis  lupus
        ssp. filchneri Matschie, 1907","status":"ACCEPTED","genus_name":"Canis ","species_name":"lupus","species_author":null,"infrarank_author":"Matschie,
        1907","subpopulation_name":null,"infra_type":"subspecies","infra_name":"filchneri"}]},{"sis_id":223987953,"scientific_name":"Canis
        lupus ssp. pallipes","kingdom_name":"ANIMALIA","phylum_name":"CHORDATA","class_name":"MAMMALIA","order_name":"CARNIVORA","family_name":"CANIDAE","genus_name":"Canis","species_name":"lupus","subpopulation_name":null,"infra_name":"pallipes","authority":"Sykes,
        1831","ssc_groups":[{"name":"IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group (foxes, jackals
        and wild dogs)","url":"http://www.canids.org/","description":"Chair: Claudio
        Sillero-Zubiri (email: canids@zoology.oxford.ac.uk)\nRed List Authority Coordinator:
        Michael Hoffmann (email: mike.hoffmann@zsl.org)\nNewsletter: http://www.canids.org/c-b-c"}],"common_names":[{"main":false,"name":"Indian
        peninsular wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"بھیڑیا Bhediya","language":"urd"},{"main":false,"name":"بھگیاڑ
        (Bhigiyarh)","language":"pan"},{"main":false,"name":"بگھڑ (Baghar)","language":"snd"},{"main":false,"name":"لیووه
        (lewo),  شرماخ (Sharmakh)","language":"pus"},{"main":false,"name":"कॉळसूणे
        (kŏḷsūṇe), तॉळ (tŏḷ)","language":"kok"},{"main":false,"name":"चारि नार (chari
        nar)","language":"raj"},{"main":false,"name":"भेड़िया Bhediya","language":"hin"},{"main":false,"name":"लांडगा
        (lāṇḍagā)","language":"mar"},{"main":false,"name":"વરુ (varu), નાર (nar)","language":"guj"},{"main":false,"name":"తోడేలు
        (Tōḍēlu)","language":"tel"},{"main":false,"name":"ತೋಳ (Tola)","language":"kan"},{"main":false,"name":"ஓநாய்
        (Ōnāy)","language":"tam"},{"main":false,"name":"ചെന്നായ് (Chennaya)","language":"mal"},{"main":false,"name":"কুকুৰনেছীয়া
        বাঘ (Kurnechiya Bhagh)","language":"asm"},{"main":false,"name":"নেকড়ে (nēkaṛē),
        হুরাল (Hural), হুরার (Hurar)","language":"ben"},{"main":true,"name":"Indian
        Wolf","language":"eng"}],"synonyms":[{"name":"Canis pallipes Sykes, 1831","status":"ACCEPTED","genus_name":"Canis","species_name":"pallipes","species_author":"Sykes,
        1831","infrarank_author":null,"subpopulation_name":null,"infra_type":null,"infra_name":null},{"name":"Canis
        indica Aggarwal, Kivisild, Ramadevi, Singh 2007","status":"ADD","genus_name":"Canis","species_name":"indica","species_author":"Aggarwal,
        Kivisild, Ramadevi, Singh 2007","infrarank_author":null,"subpopulation_name":null,"infra_type":null,"infra_name":null}]}],"kingdom_name":"ANIMALIA","phylum_name":"CHORDATA","class_name":"MAMMALIA","order_name":"CARNIVORA","family_name":"CANIDAE","genus_name":"Canis","species_name":"lupus","subpopulation_name":null,"infra_name":null,"authority":"Linnaeus,
        1758","species":true,"subpopulation":false,"infrarank":false,"ssc_groups":[{"name":"IUCN
        SSC Canid Specialist Group (foxes, jackals and wild dogs)","url":"http://www.canids.org/","description":"Chair:
        Claudio Sillero-Zubiri (email: canids@zoology.oxford.ac.uk)\nRed List Authority
        Coordinator: Michael Hoffmann (email: mike.hoffmann@zsl.org)\nNewsletter:
        http://www.canids.org/c-b-c"}],"common_names":[{"main":false,"name":"Arctic
        Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Common Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Gray
        Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Mexican Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Plains
        Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Timber Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Tundra
        Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Wolf","language":"eng"},{"main":false,"name":"Dheeb","language":"ara"},{"main":false,"name":"Farkas","language":"hun"},{"main":false,"name":"Hunt","language":"est"},{"main":false,"name":"Kurt","language":"tur"},{"main":false,"name":"Lobo","language":"spa"},{"main":false,"name":"Loup","language":"fre"},{"main":false,"name":"Loup
        gris","language":"fre"},{"main":false,"name":"Loup vulgaire","language":"fre"},{"main":false,"name":"Lup","language":"rum"},{"main":false,"name":"Lupo","language":"ita"},{"main":false,"name":"Saaral
        Chono","language":"mon"},{"main":false,"name":"Susi","language":"fin"},{"main":false,"name":"Ujku","language":"alb"},{"main":false,"name":"Ulv","language":"nor"},{"main":false,"name":"Varg","language":"swe"},{"main":false,"name":"Vilkas","language":"lit"},{"main":false,"name":"Vilks","language":"lav"},{"main":false,"name":"Vlk","language":"cze"},{"main":false,"name":"Vlk","language":"slo"},{"main":false,"name":"Volk","language":"slv"},{"main":false,"name":"Vuk","language":"scr"},{"main":false,"name":"Wilk","language":"pol"},{"main":false,"name":"Wolf","language":"ger"},{"main":false,"name":"الذئب
        العربي","language":"ara"},{"main":false,"name":"λύκος","language":"gre"},{"main":false,"name":"вовк","language":"ukr"},{"main":false,"name":"волк","language":"mac"},{"main":false,"name":"волк","language":"rus"},{"main":false,"name":"вук","language":"scc"},{"main":true,"name":"Grey
        Wolf","language":"eng"}],"synonyms":[]},"population_trend":{"description":{"en":"Increasing"},"code":"0"},"red_list_category":{"version":"3.1","description":{"en":"Least
        Concern"},"code":"LC"},"supplementary_info":{"upper_elevation_limit":2500,"lower_elevation_limit":0,"lower_depth_limit":null,"upper_depth_limit":null,"population_size":null,"population_severely_fragmented":"No","population_continuing_decline":"No","generational_length":null,"congregatory":null,"movement_patterns":null,"continuing_decline_in_area":"Unknown","conservation_actions_in_place":[{"name":"In-place
        land/water protection","actions":[{"name":"Occurs in at least one protected
        area","value":"Yes"}]},{"name":"In-place education","actions":[{"name":"Included
        in international legislation","value":"Yes"}]}],"identification_information":null,"extreme_fluctuations":"No","no_of_subpopulations":null,"continuing_decline_in_subpopulations":null,"extreme_fluctuations_in_subpopulations":null,"all_individuals_in_one_subpopulation":null,"no_of_individuals_in_largest_subpopulation":null,"estimated_area_of_occupancy":null,"continuing_decline_in_area_of_occupancy":"No","extreme_fluctuations_in_area_of_occupancy":null,"estimated_extent_of_occurence":null,"continuing_decline_in_extent_of_occurence":"No","extreme_fluctuations_in_extent_of_occurence":null,"continuing_decline_in_number_of_locations":null,"extreme_fluctuations_in_number_of_locations":null},"documentation":{"range":"Historically,
        Grey Wolves were found over most of Europe, including the British Isles. By
        the mid-20th century, their range was greatly reduced to remnants in northwest
        Iberia, central Italy, parts of the Baltics, the Carpathians, and the mountain
        areas of the Balkans. In the last 50 years, their range has greatly expanded
        with Grey Wolf presence being recorded in all continental European countries.
        The European Grey Wolf population is currently a large meta-population with
        several distinct populations, which can be described as follows (Chapron \u003cem\u003eet
        al.\u003c/em\u003e 2014):\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.
        Iberian \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eWolves are found mainly in the north-western
        quadrant and centre of Iberia (both Spain and Portugal). The Iberian population
        does not extend as far east as the Pyrenees (although some individuals are
        now recolonising the Pyrenees from the Alps, via France). Wolves are expanding
        southwards in Spain and are now found on both banks of the Duero River in
        both Spain and Portugal. The population segment in the Sierra Morena mountains
        in southern Spain seems to be extinct. The population segment in the Sierra
        Morena mountains in southern Spain seems to be extinct (Blanco and Cortés
        2002, Alvares \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2015, Blanco and Cortés
        2012, Jiménez \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2016, López-Bao \u003cem\u003eet
        al.\u003c/em\u003e 2018).\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.
        Western-Central Alps\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe population in 2021
        occupies a large area that includes most of the Western Alps in France and
        Italy, with many wolf packs territories being transboundary along the French-Italian
        border and occupying large areas of south-eastern France up to the Massif
        Central, and in Italy to lowlands of Piemonte and Liguria, also far from the
        Alps. Increasing numbers of wolves are found in Switzerland and in eastern
        Alpine regions of Italy, with numbers rapidly building up in Veneto, Friuli
        Venezia-Giulia and Trentino, and will likely further expand through most of
        the central Alps. Several packs have been formed by individuals from the Alps
        and animals from the Dinaric-Balkan population, especially in the easternmost
        part of its range.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Italian
        peninsula\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eWolves occur in the whole Apennines
        range from Liguria to Calabria (Aspromonte) and extending into the coastal
        plains along the Tirrenic and Adriatic coasts and to all hilly areas of northern
        Lazio and central-western Tuscany (provinces of Siena, Grosseto and Pisa).\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.
        Dinaric-Balkan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe population covers a vast
        area from Slovenia in the North to central Greece in the South, including
        the whole Dinaric Mountain range through Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina,
        western Serbia and Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Albania, the western
        and southern parts of Bulgaria and the European part of Türkiye. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.
        Carpathian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe population extends across
        several countries, from northern Bulgaria and eastern Serbia through Romania,
        south-western Ukraine, Slovakia, south-eastern Poland and the eastern part
        of Czechia. Small (but increasing) numbers of wolves are also present in northern
        Hungary on the periphery of the distribution.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.
        Baltic\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThis population covers the eastern
        lowlands of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and northern Ukraine and would
        naturally extend to Belarus and the neighbouring parts of the Russian Federation
        (including the oblasts of Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, Smolensk,
        Bryansk, Moscow, Kursk, Belgorod and Orel). However, the connectivity with
        Belarus and Russia is being increasingly reduced by the recent dramatic increase
        in border fence construction. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.
        Karelian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eWolves occur in Finland (mainly
        in the southern half of the country) and Russian Karelia. The Karelian wolf
        population is the western extremity of the large Russian population. However,
        of the three main connectivity areas allowing continuity of the Russian Karelian
        population with the rest of Russia, one is completely blocked by megalopolis
        St. Petersburg and its satellites. Wolves in Russian Karelia are estimated
        to number about 300 and they are heavily hunted: bounties are paid and the
        annual wolf harvest is often equivalent to annual breeding.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.
        Scandinavian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe distribution range of the
        population is in central Sweden and, to a lesser extent, in south-eastern
        Norway. It is spreading slowly toward southern Sweden but is being prevented
        from expanding in Norway because of government policy.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.
        Central European\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThis population is expanding
        rapidly into the central European lowlands from its core in the western half
        of Poland and the eastern part of Germany. Several packs are also found in
        Czechia. Its expansion is likely to continue with packs being established
        in Belgium, the Netherlands and Denmark.","population":"Due to the diversity
        in climate, topography, vegetation, patterns of human settlement and historical
        development of the wolf range, wolf populations in various parts of the original
        range vary dramatically in density. Wolf densities normally vary from about
        one per 12 km² to less than one per 120 km² (Mech and Boitani 2003). The overall
        European wolf population can be viewed as a large metapopulation with several
        distinct fragments, although dispersal could theoretically connect almost
        all fragments, and connections are being re-established in many areas. Following
        the bottleneck of the 1960s and 1970s, the European wolf population is generally
        increasing in number and expanding its distribution range. However, some European
        populations are still small and not all have more than 1,000 animals (see
        below for specific details). Dispersing animals can potentially be found anywhere
        in mainland Europe. The number of wolves in Europe (excluding Russia) is likely
        to exceed 21,500, and the total number of wolves in the EU 27 region is likely
        to be in the order of 19,000; some of the populations are continuous with
        wolf populations living in countries outside the EU.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e1.
        Iberian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003ePopulation size: about 2,500 individuals
        (2024-2990) and rather stable. The Iberian Wolf (\u003cem\u003eCanis lupus
        \u003c/em\u003essp. \u003cem\u003esignatus\u003c/em\u003e) may be a distinct
        subspecies. After the population reduction up to the 1960s, it has increased
        dramatically since the 1970s and has been stable or slightly increasing in
        the last ten years and expanding its range across central Spain. The population
        occupies most of northwestern Iberia and is expanding south and east after
        having crossed the Duero River in Spain. There are two distinct population
        segments within this population. The largest is that north of the Duero River
        in both Spain and Portugal. South of the Duero in Portugal there is a small
        population segment of around 50 wolves which has only limited exchange of
        animals with the segments north of the Duero in Portugal and east to the Spanish
        segment south of the Duero.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe nearest wolf
        population is in the western Alps and connections between the two are limited
        to rare known cases. In the Pyrenees (regions of Cataluña and Aragón) there
        are currently a few non-reproducing wolves that have been genetically identified
        as members of the Alpine population from where they are assumed to have dispersed
        naturally (Alvares \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2015, Blanco and Cortés
        2012, Jiménez \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2016, López-Bao \u003cem\u003eet
        al.\u003c/em\u003e 2018, Torres and Fonseca 2016).\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe
        isolated Sierra Morena subpopulation in southern Spain has (virtually) disappeared.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.
        Western-Central Alps\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003ePopulation size: \u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e.1,900
        wolves. This population is of Italian Apennines origin and all wolves share
        the same distinctive Italian genetic haplotype. Individual wolves dispersing
        from the Apennines first colonised the Alps in 1992 and succeeded in establishing
        a permanent and expanding population which shows a highly dynamic spatial
        pattern spreading towards the west and north (and then to the east along the
        Alpine arc). New packs are regularly reported in Switzerland where there are
        about 150 wolves. More recently (2015) dispersing individuals from Dinaric-Balkans
        and the western Alps formed a pack in the central Alps. The total number in
        2015/2016 was estimated to be about 420-550 wolves (65 packs and 12 pairs;
        WAG 2018, Marucco \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2012); in 2017/18 it
        was estimated to be 550-700, increasing on average by 10-20% per year. The
        genetic continuity with the Apennines population has been recently assessed
        at 1.25-2.5 individuals per generation, all of them moving from the Apennines
        to the Alpine population (Fabbri \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2007).
        In 2005, a young radio-marked wolf dispersed more than 1,300 km from Parma
        (Italy) to Nice (France), providing a demonstration of the natural dispersal
        along the northern Apennines range to the Alps. In spite of the continuity
        between the two populations (Apennine and Alpine), their ecological and socio-economic
        contexts are sufficiently different to justify a separation into two functional
        population units for management purposes (LCIE 2007, Marucco \u003cem\u003eet
        al.\u003c/em\u003e 2017; \u003ca rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://www.lifewolfalps.eu/\"\u003ehttp://www.lifewolfalps.eu/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.
        Italian peninsula\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003ePopulation size: 2,020-2,645
        wolves (Aragno \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2022). The population was
        described in 1921 (Altobello 1921) and confirmed in 1999 (Nowak 1999) as a
        distinct subspecies (\u003cem\u003eCanis lupus italicus\u003c/em\u003e). It
        is genetically recognised by the presence of a unique mtDNA haplotype. After
        the population bottleneck of the 1960s, when total numbers were estimated
        to be about 100 animals, the population has steadily recovered throughout
        the Apennines and expanded into the western Alps. In 2006, the population
        was estimated to be 500-800; estimates in 2017 suggested numbers to be 1,100-2,400
        with an estimate of 1,600 probably being close to the real number. However,
        the difference between the 2006, 2017 and 2021 estimates are also due to improved
        estimation methods. The nearest population (apart from that in the western
        Alps, see above) is in Slovenia (Dinaric-Balkan population). Although a large
        portion of the central Alps and part of the agricultural Po River valley effectively
        separate the Italian peninsula and the Dinaric populations, the current trend
        suggests the inevitable continuity between them (Galaverni \u003cem\u003eet
        al.\u003c/em\u003e 2015, Boitani and Salvatori 2016).\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.
        Dinaric-Balkan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003ePopulation size: 5,000-5,500.
        There is continuity of the population and suitable habitats throughout the
        range although the population might be significantly sub-structured within
        this massive elongated range. Although the population is estimated to number
        about 5,000 individuals, locally the densities may vary greatly and its overall
        demographic trend is unknown. In Croatia and Slovenia, the population has
        recovered significantly following improved management in the 1990s. In Serbia
        and Bosnia-Herzegovina (Trbojević 2016) it is likely that the population has
        decreased in recent years due to overharvesting. To the north, the population
        has increasing functional contacts with the nearest population in Italy, and
        dispersing animals are reported in Austria. One dispersing male successfully
        established a pair and a territory in Veneto (northern Italy) with a mate
        from the western-central Alps population. To the east, the population may
        exchange individuals with the large wolf population of the Carpathians which
        extends into northern Bulgaria and eastern Serbia (Iliopoulos 1999; Kusak
        \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2005; Štrbenac \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e
        2005; Jeremic \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2014, 2015, 2016; Trbojević
        2016).\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Carpathian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThis
        population is estimated to number \u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e. 3,900-4,700
        animals, the majority of them living in Romania and Ukraine. The differences
        between the 2006 and 2017 estimates are partly due to improved estimation
        methods. Slovakia hosts about 600 wolves and southern Poland contributes with
        good wolf habitat in the areas along its southern borders (the wolf population
        in the Polish Carpathians is about 300 individuals). In the past, there was
        natural continuity with wolves living in northern Poland and Belarus, but
        this link is now constrained by large areas where wolves have been exterminated.
        Nevertheless, it is likely that some level of genetic exchange still occurs
        with the Dinaric-Balkan population in western Bulgaria / eastern Serbia, and
        with the Baltic population in eastern-central Poland (Okarma 1993; CLCP 1997-98,
        2000, 2001, 2002; Smietana and Wajda 1997, Okarma \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e
        2000, Shkvyrya 2008, Cazacu \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2014, Pirga
        \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2016, Rigg \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e
        2014).\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Baltic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eSubpopulation
        size: about 2,190-2,790 in EU countries and an additional 1,000-1,500 in Belarus
        and 1,600 in the adjacent Russian oblasts. At the start of the 20th century
        the population was greatly reduced, but still widely present, these increased
        during and after World War 1. In the period between the wars, populations
        were greatly reduced again, but recovered to peak levels during and after
        World War II, only to be heavily persecuted in the 1950s such that they again
        reached very low levels in the 1960s and early 1970s. The populations appear
        to have then increased, peaking in the early 1990s – before being reduced
        again in the late 1990s. This population is the westernmost portion of the
        large Russian population and it ultimately connects with the wolf range of
        Russian Karelia. In Poland, although the distribution is not continuous, it
        is highly likely that dispersal regularly connects the Baltic and Central
        European populations. The recent building of fences against human migrations
        effectively reduce the continuity of this population with the Belarus/Russian
        population (Bluzma 2000, Sidorovich \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2003,
        Linnell \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2006, Nowak and Mysłajek 2016,
        Bragina \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2018, Ozolins \u003cem\u003eet
        al.\u003c/em\u003e 2011, Kawata \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2013,
        Geldon \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2015).\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.
        Karelian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003ePopulation size: 275-315 wolves
        in Finland and about 750 including Finland and Russian Karelia. Following
        widespread control of the population in the first part of 20th century, the
        population recovered after the 1980s and 1990s. The current estimates are
        based on counts of family groups in Finland and the population is expanding.
        In Russian Karelia, wolf numbers appear to be stable.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.
        Scandinavian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003ePopulation size: 550 (CI = 364
        – 598). The population derives from a pair that immigrated from Finland and
        first reproduced in Sweden in 1983. A third immigrant in 1991 boosted the
        reproduction and the population is now estimated to be 460 wolves (about 85
        in Norway). The population has been steadily increasing from 1983-2001, then
        slightly decreased in 2002-3, and then is increasing again. In winter 2023
        it has been reduced by the removal of at least 75 animals. There is evidence
        of limited further genetic exchanges with the Finnish/Russian wolf population
        after 1991. Immigration from Russia / Finland is the only possible mechanism
        to increase the genetic variability of the population which is critical for
        its future viability (Chapron \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2016; Svensson
        \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2017; Wabakken \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e
        2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2016).\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.
        Central European\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003ePopulation size: 1,850.
        Wolves were exterminated in Germany during the 19th century, but individuals
        that were dispersing from Poland were shot occasionally throughout the 20th
        century. In the late-1990s a pack began breeding in Saxony and there are now
        (2022) at least 160 packs. Wolves in western Poland have had a dynamic history
        of persecution and heavy harvest with periods of total absence and very low
        numbers in 1950 - 1990s, but since 2000 the population started to recover
        from immigrants originating in eastern Poland and presently there are about
        550 wolves in the region. Three packs were confirmed in Czechia in 2016 /2017
        (Kutal \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2017, Hulva \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e
        2018) and they have grown to 16 in 2022. This population is highly dynamic
        and dispersing animals have reached Denmark, Belgium and the Netherlands where
        the first packs are now permanently present. Connections exist to the Baltic
        population, but the distances are in the order of up to several hundred kilometres
        (Fechter and Storch 2015; Reinhardt \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2015;
        Sunde and Olsen 2017; Nowak and Myslajek 2016, 2017; Nowak \u003cem\u003eet
        al.\u003c/em\u003e 2017).","habitats":"Wolves live in diverse habitat types
        and their broad distribution ranges show the species'' adaptability to the
        most extreme (both in terms of natural and anthropogenic factors) habitat
        conditions. The wolf’s habitat has been prosaically described as anywhere
        where humans do not kill it and where there is something to eat. Where wolves
        depend on wild ungulate prey, their habitat is that of their prey. Habitat
        quality should thus be interpreted in terms of human disturbance, prey densities
        and range size. In general, large forest areas are particularly suitable for
        wolves in Europe, although wolves are not exclusively a forest species.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe
        wolf has a very diversified diet and is a true generalist that feeds opportunistically
        on what is most available in its habitat. The wolf’s diet may include large
        prey, such as Moose, Red Deer, Roe Deer and Wild Boar, as well as small mammals
        and birds, invertebrates, vegetation and carcasses. Diet composition throughout
        the geographic range and seasonal variations depend on the relative abundance
        of potential prey, as well as accessibility and availability. A wolf typically
        requires 3-5 kg of meat per day, although it can fast for several days when
        food is not readily available.","threats":"Human intolerance is perhaps the
        most important limiting factor facing wolves in Europe today. Fear, misunderstanding
        and the fact that wolves do kill livestock have prompted an uneasy relationship
        with people in many areas, leading to direct conflicts and retaliatory/preventative
        persecution. In some countries, poorly regulated hunting of wolves poses a
        threat, while in others licenses for killing wolves are issued irrespective
        of biological understanding. Poaching is widespread and probably represents
        the most important mortality factor for the wolf in many parts of Europe.
        Wolf depredation on domestic animals has been a problem since man progressed
        from hunter/gatherer to farmer, and although the numbers of sheep or cattle
        taken are, as a percentage, very low, livestock depredation remains the primary
        reason for persecuting wolves. Wolves have also become symbolic of wider issues
        of social change facing rural life, such that the politics of wolf management
        has become very controversial and intertwined with multiple other issues.
        It also appears that institutions in many countries are ill-equipped to handle
        the biological and socio-politic challenges of wolf management. Human land
        use is the most significant threat to wolf habitat. Wolves can live close
        to humans but they require safe areas in which to retreat. This is not always
        considered in land use planning in wolf areas and the small, fragmented populations
        in western Europe can result in animals moving into unsuitable habitats. Although
        wolves show a good ability to cross linear infrastructure like highways and
        railroads, these structures can be associated with wolf mortality and there
        is a need to ensure wildlife permeability in all infrastructure projects.
        Wolf-dog hybridisation has been increasingly reported in most European countries
        but only appears to be a major issue in Italy and other Mediterranean countries
        because of poor dog management practices. Legislation and public attitudes
        towards dog management and dog control policies impede the implementation
        of a coordinated effort to manage the occurrence and spread of hybridisation
        (Ciucci 2012). Another emerging threat is the border fences being built to
        control human migrations and the veterinary fences built to control the spread
        of the African swine fever in wild boar that have an increasingly serious
        impact on the connectivity towards the east and within the populations of
        several eastern and central European wolf populations. These fences will soon
        reduce the viability and conservation status of several wolf populations.
        Specific threats to different European wolf populations are as follows:\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.
        Iberian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eIllegal killing is still common (estimated
        to account for 50% of the total mortality) and poison baits are still used.
        Illegal killing appears the primary cause of the (virtual) disappearance of
        the Sierra Morena population. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.
        Western-Central Alps\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eDocumented causes of
        mortality include car or train accidents and poaching. Several cases of illegal
        killing have been reported in France and Italy, and conflicts with hunters
        and farmers are constantly reported. Both France and the Regional Government
        of Piemonte have been carrying out extensive and continuous research and monitoring
        of the wolf population and damages to livestock, and excellent data is available
        for management purposes. The number of livestock depredations in the Italian
        Alps is decreasing, despite the increase in wolf numbers, due to the large
        efforts in the implementation of preventive practices promoted by the authorities.
        Although wolf presence is still far from being accepted by local farmers and
        livestock breeders, the general attitude is improving (\u003ca href=\"http://www.lifewolfalps.eu/\"\u003eLIFE
        WOLFALPS\u003c/a\u003e).\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.
        Italian peninsula\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe population is protected
        on paper, but the law is poorly enforced with illegal killing remaining common
        (and rarely prosecuted) throughout the range. Poison baits are increasingly
        used against dogs, foxes and wolves. Hybridisation with dogs has been documented
        and, in certain areas of central Italy, it appears to account for up to 70%
        of the total wolf population (Verardi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e
        2006, Ciucci 2012, Salvatori \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2019). \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.
        Dinaric-Balkan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThere is an enormous diversity
        in threats occurring throughout the range. Poorly regulated legal hunting
        and illegal killing, often with the use of poison) are taking an unknown number
        of wolves throughout most of the range. Other pressures that are commonly
        reported include: habitat fragmentation due to the construction of fenced
        highways and a shortage of wild prey. In many countries, there is very limited
        knowledge about wolf ecology or status (Huber \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e
        2002, Iliopoulos 2005, Trbojević 2016).\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.
        Carpathian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003ePoison baits and illegal killing
        are widespread throughout the range. In Ukraine, wolves are treated as a pest
        species. Poorly regulated legal hunting in Slovakia hinders the recovery of
        the wolf in the Czech-Slovak borderlands (Kutal \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e
        2016).\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Baltic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe
        Baltic population is subject to hunter-harvest in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
        Access to good quality population monitoring data is, therefore, crucial to
        ensure that quotas are set at sustainable levels. There is room for substantial
        improvement in monitoring efforts in Latvia and Lithuania.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.
        Karelian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe main threat to wolves in this
        region is killing by humans. In south-central Finland, wolves cause very limited
        damage to livestock, but predation on domestic dogs and a perception of competition
        for game species is the most frequent impact that causes strong resentment
        from the public. In the north of Finland, potential conflicts with semi-domestic
        reindeer herding effectively prevent its expansion.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.
        Scandinavian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eDue to the small number of founders
        the inbreeding coefficient is very high, on average higher than for full siblings
        mating (Liberg \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2005). Predation on domestic
        dogs, sheep and semi-domestic reindeer are the most frequent damages that
        cause continuing debate on wolf conservation. In the north of Sweden and Norway,
        potential conflicts with semi-domestic reindeer herding effectively prevent
        its expansion. Norway has a restrictive policy that officially prevents further
        expansion.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9. Central European\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe
        main cause of documented mortality in Germany is traffic accidents (70%).
        Cases of illegal killing have been reported in Poland and Germany, and complaints
        from hunters and farmers are constantly reported from Germany. The implementation
        of livestock protection measures in Germany does not keep track with the fast
        population growth providing the ground for permanent and growing conflict
        with farmers, whereas such conflicts appear to be much less in the Polish
        population segment. The habitat is also very heavily modified and fragmented.
        Coordination between the federal states of Germany and between Germany and
        neighbouring countries is crucial.","measures":"By default, the species is
        strictly protected under the Bern Convention (Appendix II) and Habitats Directive
        (Annex II and IV), meaning that wolves may not be killed except under strict
        conditions, and key wolf habitat must be protected as part of the European
        protected area networks Natura 2000 (Habitats Directive, Annex II) and Emerald
        Network (Bern Convention, Appendix II). However, there are many national and
        regional exceptions. Regarding the Habitats Directive:\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e1)
        in Spain, wolves north of the Duero River are not subject to Annexes II or
        IV, but covered instead by the more flexible regime of Annex V, which permits
        harvesting – and it remains uncertain which regimes apply to wolves east of
        the Duero River (Trouwborst 2014);\u003cbr/\u003e2) in Greece, wolves north
        of 39°N have a similar status (only Annex V);\u003cbr/\u003e3) in the Baltic
        States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) wolves have a similar status (only
        Annex V);\u003cbr/\u003e4) in Finland, wolves occurring in the Reindeer herding
        area in northern Finland fall under Annex V; wolves outside the Reindeer herding
        area fall under Annex IV but not Annex II;\u003cbr/\u003e5) In Bulgaria and
        Slovakia, wolves are subject to Annex II and Annex V;\u003cbr/\u003e6) In
        Poland, wolves are also on Annex II and Annex V of the Habitats Directive,
        but strictly protected under the national legislations and government has
        not opened for harvest.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eA similar set of diverse
        situations exist under the Bern Convention, with some countries having taken
        total exceptions (e.g. Finland) and others treating it as Appendix III instead
        of Appendix II.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eIn general, habitat restoration
        is required in some key areas (especially in southern Europe) in the form
        of fostering a healthy prey base and encouraging wolves to move back into
        their former range where appropriate. Conflicts with humans need to be addressed
        by involving local people in wolf management plans and through education programmes
        to increase people''s understanding of wolf biology and behaviour. Problems
        resulting from wolves preying on domestic animals need to be tackled by livestock
        protection schemes and compensation systems. In general, there is a need for
        innovative governance regimes that balance the need for large-scale (international
        level) coordination of management with the need to give local stakeholders
        a voice in local-level solutions to local problems. Finally, there is a need
        to increase investment in population monitoring in many countries in southern
        and eastern Europe where the largest populations live. Details of specific
        conservation measures for European wolf populations are given below: \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.
        Iberian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eWolves are fully protected in Portugal
        and south of the Duero River in Spain. North of the Duero River in Spain,
        wolves were game species until 2021 and subject to various management regimes
        depending on the legislation of eight autonomous regional governments. Since
        2021, the wolf is nationally protected by law. The autonomous regions are
        gradually approving their action plans. Asturias has a wolf management plan
        and Galicia and Castilla y León also have approved their plans. However, management
        coordination among the regional governments and between Spain and Portugal
        is very limited. By allowing the (virtual) extinction of the Sierra Morena
        population in southern Spain, Spain has been in contravention of its obligations
        under the Habitats Directive’s Annex II and Annex IV regimes, and EU law requires
        the Spanish authorities to restore this population (Trouwborst 2014).\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.
        Western-Central Alps\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThe population is fully
        protected under French, Italian and Swiss law. In France and Switzerland,
        the national Action Plans include provisions for the legal take of a certain
        number of wolves under strict conditions in response to damages on livestock.
        The three countries signed (2006) a formal agreement of cooperation for the
        management of the entire population, recognising that the biological population
        needs to be managed through a common and accepted approach, but the agreement
        has not produced any concrete cooperation at the administrative or political
        levels. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Italian peninsula\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eFully
        protected by a national law, with damage compensation provided by 14 different
        regional laws. Compensation is paid for livestock lost to wolf predation,
        but the effectiveness of compensation programmes has never been assessed and
        it is increasingly questioned. Apart from formal protection the population
        is not actively managed. The species occurs in several protected areas throughout
        its range but the size of these areas is far too small to protect any viable
        populations. In spite of formal protection, illegal killings are estimated
        to take a substantial portion of the population every year (up to 15-20%).
        A national Action Plan setting the broad strategic ground for management has
        been under discussion for several years (2015-2017) but has not been approved
        because of disagreement between the national and regional governments (Boitani
        and Salvatori 2016). \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Dinaric-Balkan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eManagement
        is fragmented by multiple national laws. Most of the range is also outside
        the EU and therefore not bound by the protection of the Habitats Directive,
        although all range countries are now Bern Convention signatories. It is a
        game species in almost all countries, except for Slovenia, Croatia, Albania
        and Greece south of 39° latitude where wolves are fully protected. In Slovenia
        and Croatia, an effective Action Plan is in place and implemented (Štrbenac
        \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2005, \u003ca rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\"
        href=\"http://www.mop.gov.si/fileadmin/mop.gov.si/pageuploads/podrocja/velike_zveri/akcijski_nacrt_upravljanja_volk_2013_2017.pdf\"\u003ehttp://www.mop.gov.si/fileadmin/mop.gov.si/pageuploads/podrocja/velike_zveri/akcijski_nacrt_upravljanja_volk_2013_2017.pdf\u003c/a\u003e)
        but no plans exists for any of the other countries. With the exception of
        Slovenia and Croatia, in general, law enforcement is weak or totally absent,
        institutions in several of the countries are not fully functional, there is
        very limited monitoring and research, and wildlife management structures for
        regulating hunter harvest of the prey base are poorly developed. There is
        a major need for investment in institution building in these countries.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.
        Carpathian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eIn Slovakia wolves are a game
        species with a hunting season; in Poland and Czechia they are strictly protected
        by national laws; in Romania, they are legally protected, but are managed
        as a de facto game species with hunting quotas decided yearly; in Ukraine,
        wolves are neither a game species nor protected (often treated as “pest” species,
        with bounties of\u003cem\u003e c\u003c/em\u003e. 20 Euro per individual) (Salvatori
        \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2002). There is a need to improve monitoring,
        especially in Slovakia, and ensure that quotas and seasons are scaled with
        respect to realistic population estimates. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e6.
        Baltic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eWolves have been strictly protected
        in Poland since 1998, but are harvested in the three Baltic States (EU Habitats
        and Species Directive Appendix V) and in neighbouring Belarus and Ukraine.
        There is a new action plan for the conservation of the wolf in Latvia (2017).
        In all countries, there is a need to ensure that monitoring is effective at
        detecting trends in population development so that hunting quotas and seasons
        can be adjusted accordingly.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.
        Karelian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eIn Finland, wolves occurring in
        the reindeer herding area fall under Annex V of the Habitats Directive; those
        outside the reindeer herding area fall under Annex IV. Finland has a National
        Management Plan that includes the removal of some wolves under controlled
        circumstances. In Russian Karelia, wolves are killed throughout the range
        and at any time. In spite of the small number of wolves, Finland has approved
        a plan to maintain the population within the maximum of 25 packs. The discontinuous
        flow of dispersing wolves from Russia allows a reasonable but cautiously positive
        forecast on the conservation of this population. Illegal killing of wolves
        remains a major problem in Finland. There are also widespread social and political
        conflicts that centre on wolf conservation.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.
        Scandinavian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eWolves are fully protected in
        Sweden and Norway; however, Norway applies both a zoning system and operates
        with a very low management goal that restricts wolves to a small area (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e.
        5% of the country) along the border with Sweden and prevents population expansion.
        Both Norway and Sweden provide full compensation for damages. Both countries
        greatly restrict the presence of wolves in the reindeer herding areas that
        cover the northern part of the peninsula. The main issue for the long-term
        viability of the population is inbreeding, which can only be improved by facilitating
        the movement of wolves through the northern reindeer herding areas of Norway,
        Sweden and Finland. Social and political conflicts around wolf management
        are intense.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9. Central European\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eWolves
        are functionally protected in all countries. In Germany, conservation is implemented
        by the local authority but there is a certain degree of coordination at the
        federal level. In Poland, wolves are strictly protected since 1995. The main
        threats stem from the intense social and political conflicts around wolf management.","use_trade":"The
        species is sometimes hunted for sport. In some countries the species is also
        important for the skin market and the pelt industry.","rationale":"European
        regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)\u003cbr/\u003eEU 27 regional assessment:
        Least Concern (LC)\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eFollowing the population bottleneck
        of the 1960s and 1970s, the European Grey Wolf population is generally increasing
        in number and expanding its distribution range. Based on the best available
        data, in 2022, the total number of wolves in the 27 EU Member States is likely
        to be in the order of 19,000, and the number of wolves in the European assessment
        region (excluding Belarus and European Russia) is likely to exceed 21,500,
        a significant increase over the last five years (Boitani \u003cem\u003eet
        al.\u003c/em\u003e 2022). Consequently, the species qualifies as Least Concern
        at both the European and EU 27 regional levels. The quantity and quality of
        data on population size and structure varies greatly between European countries:
        see the IUCN Red List assessment (Boitani \u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c/em\u003e2018)
        for a description of the nine main European populations (\u003cem\u003esensu\u003c/em\u003e
        Linnell \u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c/em\u003e2008) and for an explanation of
        the methods used to obtain the numbers for each population.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.
        Iberian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eNear Threatened. The Iberian population
        is large, about 2,500 individuals (2024-2990), and rather stable, slowly expanding
        towards the south and east. Although recently (2021) declared nationally protected
        in Spain, it is maintained in the  Near Threatened category because of fragmentation
        in management regimes, lack of a population-level management plan, the occurrence
        of largely unpredictable events of human persecution (poisoning, shooting,
        etc.) that may threaten the population at the local level and the near-isolation
        of some of its southern population segments.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.
        Western-Central Alps\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eNear Threatened. The
        Alpine population was founded based on a recent expansion of the Italian peninsula
        wolf population and has grown rapidly and steadily (10-20% /year) in each
        country of the Alpine arch. Accurate estimates from each country cannot be
        simply added up to estimate the population because an unknown % of wolves
        are shared among countries and the effect of running independent capture-recapture
        estimates could significantly inflate double counts. This concern is especially
        serious for the Italian-French part of the population. The total number of
        about 1,900 individuals should be considered as indicative. Dispersion over
        a large range, fragmentation among several countries, and the first signs
        of hybridisation (northeast in the western Alps of Italy and France, and eastern
        Alps of Italy) justify its assessment in the category Near Threatened.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.
        Italian peninsula\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eNear Threatened. The Italian
        peninsula wolf population is estimated to number 2,020-2,645 individuals.
        The shape of the range is narrow and elongated, mainly restricted to the Apennines
        Mountains. In spite of the recent increase in numbers and range, the Italian
        peninsula wolf population is locally vulnerable to local extermination from
        human pressures (poisoning, shooting) and the locally high prevalence of wolf-dog
        hybridisation. The stochastic nature of these events suggests that the current
        positive status of the population may easily be reversed.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.
        Dinaric-Balkan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eLeast Concern. This wolf population
        does not qualify for any Threatened categories because of its large size (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e.
        5,000-5,500 individuals) and wide distribution. However, several parts of
        the range may be subject to excessive pressure from lethal control and poorly
        regulated hunting. In many countries the data quality is poor, and management
        plans are poorly developed or absent. Moreover, there are also very different
        management regimes amongst countries, lack of any compensation system in many
        of them (e.g. Albania, Bulgaria, Serbia, North Macedonia), lack of robust
        population monitoring in some of the countries (uncertainties on population
        estimates and trends), widespread poaching even in protected populations and
        probably excessive wolf hybridisation with dogs. It is worth noting that all
        cases of decreasing wolf population in Europe are from this population. There
        is an acute need for better data from throughout the southern part of this
        population.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Carpathian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eLeast
        Concern. This large wolf population (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e. 3,900-4,700
        individuals) appears to be maintaining its conservation status mainly due
        to the management implemented in Romania, Poland and the Slovak Republic.
        Some of the peripheral areas of the range may be subject to excessive hunting
        and poaching pressure (e.g. Hungary, Bulgaria) and may require appropriate
        conservation measures to limit mortality. In Poland and Czechia, wolves are
        fully protected while quotas for wolf hunting have decreased substantially
        in Slovakia. There is no common management plan at the population level and
        completely different management regimes are implemented in neighbouring countries
        (Ukraine, Poland, Slovak Republic, Hungary and Czechia).\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.
        Baltic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eLeast Concern. The relatively large
        (and increasing) number of wolves (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e. 2,190–2,790)
        in the EU member states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland) and the natural
        continuity of its range into the Russian Federation and Belarus support its
        assessment in the category of Least Concern. A large part of the population
        is fully protected in eastern Poland (1,040 wolves). However, portions of
        the population in some of the Baltic States are intensively hunted with high
        hunting quotas at 40-50% and may require careful monitoring to ensure their
        long-term persistence. The recent increase in solid border security fencing
        along the borders to Belarus and the Russian Federation are grounds for concern
        as they will decrease the degree of connectivity. Accurate monitoring is necessary
        as without this connectivity the population might be down-listed to Near Threatened.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.
        Karelian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eNear Threatened. The total population,
        shared by Finland and Russian Karelia is estimated to be 750 individuals and
        would qualify for Vulnerable under criterion D. However, the Karelian population
        is generally considered to have connections with the very large Russian population,
        and there could potentially be a rescue effect, so the population level assessment
        is downgraded by one step to Near Threatened. The total population in Finland
        is small (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e. 275 – 315) and it would qualify
        for the category of Endangered (D1) if it were isolated. The number of wolves
        in Russian Karelia is not well-known but is likely to be in the order of 500
        and may be declining as a result of excessive persecution. The degree of fragmentation
        is not known. Very little information is currently available on the status
        of the wolf in Russian Karelia, and this population should be reassessed if
        any new relevant data becomes available. \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.
        Scandinavian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eVulnerable (D1). The population
        size is well known (550 of which 460 [364 – 598 95% CI] in Sweden) and the
        estimated number of mature individuals justifies the category Vulnerable.
        The population has low genetic variability due to a small number of founders
        and has little genetic exchange with the Karelian population. The management
        policies (low population goals and high hunting/control quotas) in Norway
        (and recently proposed in Sweden) dramatically affect the future conservation
        prospects of the overall population, and there is no common management plan
        at the population level.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.
        Central European\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eNear Threatened. The population
        has grown very rapidly since 2000 and it is now estimated to number in the
        order of 1,850 individuals. This population is highly dynamic and dispersing
        animals have reached all Central European countries with confirmed packs established
        in Austria, Denmark, Belgium and the Netherlands. In the German part of the
        population, the expansion is mainly occurring in a north-westerly direction,
        whereas the expansion to the southwest is slower. Although the geographic
        gap between the Central European population and the Baltic population is nearly
        closed, genetic exchange between these populations still appears to be limited.
        New connections with the expanding populations in the Alps are also likely
        to occur soon. However, an increasing number of fences built to contain the
        spread of African Swine Fever may become a serious threat by contributing
        to population fragmentation.","trend_justification":null,"taxonomic_notes":null},"biogeographical_realms":[{"description":{"en":"Palearctic"},"code":"7"}],"conservation_actions":[{"note":"","code":"3_1_3","description":{"en":"Limiting
        population growth"}},{"note":"","code":"3_1_1","description":{"en":"Harvest
        management"}},{"note":"","code":"5_4_2","description":{"en":"National level"}},{"note":"","code":"3_2","description":{"en":"Species
        recovery"}},{"note":"","code":"2_3","description":{"en":"Habitat \u0026 natural
        process restoration"}},{"note":"","code":"1_2","description":{"en":"Resource
        \u0026 habitat protection"}},{"note":"","code":"5_1_2","description":{"en":"National
        level"}},{"note":"","code":"6_4","description":{"en":"Conservation payments"}},{"note":"","code":"5_2","description":{"en":"Policies
        and regulations"}},{"note":"","code":"1_1","description":{"en":"Site/area
        protection"}},{"note":"","code":"5_4_3","description":{"en":"Sub-national
        level"}},{"note":"","code":"5_4_1","description":{"en":"International level"}},{"note":"","code":"4_3","description":{"en":"Awareness
        \u0026 communications"}},{"note":"","code":"5_1_1","description":{"en":"International
        level"}},{"note":"","code":"4_1","description":{"en":"Formal education"}}],"faos":[],"habitats":[{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":null,"suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Forest
        - Boreal"},"code":"1_1"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":null,"suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Forest
        - Temperate"},"code":"1_4"},{"majorImportance":null,"season":null,"suitability":"Marginal","description":{"en":"Desert
        - Temperate"},"code":"8_2"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":null,"suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Shrubland
        - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation"},"code":"3_8"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":null,"suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Forest
        - Subarctic"},"code":"1_2"},{"majorImportance":null,"season":null,"suitability":"Marginal","description":{"en":"Desert
        - Cold"},"code":"8_3"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":null,"suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Artificial/Terrestrial
        - Arable Land"},"code":"14_1"},{"majorImportance":null,"season":null,"suitability":"Marginal","description":{"en":"Artificial/Terrestrial
        - Rural Gardens"},"code":"14_4"},{"majorImportance":null,"season":null,"suitability":"Marginal","description":{"en":"Wetlands
        (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands"},"code":"5_4"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":null,"suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Shrubland
        - Boreal"},"code":"3_3"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":null,"suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Shrubland
        - Temperate"},"code":"3_4"},{"majorImportance":null,"season":null,"suitability":"Marginal","description":{"en":"Wetlands
        (inland) - Alpine Wetlands (includes temporary waters from snowmelt)"},"code":"5_11"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":null,"suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Grassland
        - Temperate"},"code":"4_4"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":null,"suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Shrubland
        - Subarctic"},"code":"3_1"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":null,"suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Artificial/Terrestrial
        - Pastureland"},"code":"14_2"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":null,"suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Artificial/Terrestrial
        - Plantations"},"code":"14_3"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":null,"suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Grassland
        - Subarctic"},"code":"4_2"},{"majorImportance":"Yes","season":null,"suitability":"Suitable","description":{"en":"Grassland
        - Tundra"},"code":"4_1"}],"locations":[{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Romania"},"code":"RO"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Finland"},"code":"FI"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Türkiye-in-Europe"},"code":"TUE-OO"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Germany"},"code":"DE"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Switzerland"},"code":"CH"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Russian
        Federation"},"code":"RU"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Poland"},"code":"PL"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Spain
        (mainland)"},"code":"SPA-SP"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Belgium"},"code":"BE"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Bulgaria"},"code":"BG"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Belarus"},"code":"BY"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Slovenia"},"code":"SI"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Hungary"},"code":"HU"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Kosovo"},"code":"YUG-KO"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Portugal
        (mainland)"},"code":"POR-OO"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Norway"},"code":"NO"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"France"},"code":"FR"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Serbia"},"code":"RS"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Croatia"},"code":"HR"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Türkiye"},"code":"TR"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Serbia"},"code":"YUG-SE"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Moldova"},"code":"MD"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"North
        Macedonia"},"code":"MK"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Lithuania"},"code":"LT"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Portugal"},"code":"PT"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Slovakia"},"code":"SK"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Seasonal
        Occurrence Uncertain"],"description":{"en":"Luxembourg"},"code":"LU"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Montenegro"},"code":"ME"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Seasonal
        Occurrence Uncertain"],"description":{"en":"Andorra"},"code":"AD"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Netherlands"},"code":"NL"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Greece
        (mainland)"},"code":"GRC-OO"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Austria"},"code":"AT"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Sweden"},"code":"SE"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"France
        (mainland)"},"code":"FRA-FR"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Albania"},"code":"AL"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Ukraine
        (main part)"},"code":"UKR-UK"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Spain"},"code":"ES"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Ukraine"},"code":"UA"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Estonia"},"code":"EE"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Denmark"},"code":"DK"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Bosnia
        and Herzegovina"},"code":"BA"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Greece"},"code":"GR"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Italy"},"code":"IT"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Latvia"},"code":"LV"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Czechia"},"code":"CZ"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"European
        Russia"},"code":"RU-EU"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Central
        European Russia"},"code":"RUC-OO"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"East
        European Russia"},"code":"RUE-OO"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Kaliningrad"},"code":"BLT-KA"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"North
        European Russia"},"code":"RUN-OO"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Northwest
        European Russia"},"code":"RUW-OO"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"South
        European Russia"},"code":"RUS-OO"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Krym"},"code":"KRY-OO"},{"is_endemic":false,"formerlyBred":null,"origin":"Native","presence":"Extant","seasonality":["Resident"],"description":{"en":"Italy
        (mainland)"},"code":"ITA-IT"}],"researches":[{"note":"","code":"1_6","description":{"en":"Actions"}},{"note":"","code":"1_5","description":{"en":"Threats"}},{"note":"","code":"2_2","description":{"en":"Area-based
        Management Plan"}},{"note":"","code":"2_3","description":{"en":"Harvest \u0026
        Trade Management Plan"}},{"note":"","code":"1_3","description":{"en":"Life
        history \u0026 ecology"}},{"note":"","code":"1_4","description":{"en":"Harvest,
        use \u0026 livelihoods"}},{"note":"","code":"2_1","description":{"en":"Species
        Action/Recovery Plan"}},{"note":"","code":"3_3","description":{"en":"Trade
        trends"}},{"note":"","code":"3_2","description":{"en":"Harvest level trends"}},{"note":"","code":"3_4","description":{"en":"Habitat
        trends"}},{"note":"","code":"1_1","description":{"en":"Taxonomy"}},{"note":"","code":"1_2","description":{"en":"Population
        size, distribution \u0026 trends"}},{"note":"","code":"3_1","description":{"en":"Population
        trends"}}],"use_and_trade":[{"international":null,"national":true,"other":null,"subsistence":null,"description":{"en":"Sport
        hunting/specimen collecting"},"code":"15"},{"international":null,"national":true,"other":null,"subsistence":null,"description":{"en":"Wearing
        apparel, accessories"},"code":"10"}],"threats":[{"scope":"Majority (50-90%)","timing":"Ongoing","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Medium
        Impact: 6","severity":"Causing/Could cause fluctuations","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Persecution/control"},"code":"5_1_3"},{"scope":"Majority
        (50-90%)","timing":"Ongoing","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Medium Impact:
        6","severity":"Causing/Could cause fluctuations","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Habitat
        shifting \u0026 alteration"},"code":"11_1"},{"scope":"Majority (50-90%)","timing":"Ongoing","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Medium
        Impact: 6","severity":"Causing/Could cause fluctuations","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Agro-industry
        grazing, ranching or farming"},"code":"2_3_3"},{"scope":"Majority (50-90%)","timing":"Ongoing","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Medium
        Impact: 6","severity":"Causing/Could cause fluctuations","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Roads
        \u0026 railroads"},"code":"4_1"},{"scope":"Majority (50-90%)","timing":"Future","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Low
        Impact: 4","severity":"Causing/Could cause fluctuations","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Tourism
        \u0026 recreation areas"},"code":"1_3"},{"scope":"Majority (50-90%)","timing":"Past,
        Unlikely to Return","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Past Impact","severity":"Causing/Could
        cause fluctuations","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Nomadic
        grazing"},"code":"2_3_1"},{"scope":"Majority (50-90%)","timing":"Future","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Low
        Impact: 4","severity":"Causing/Could cause fluctuations","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Housing
        \u0026 urban areas"},"code":"1_1"},{"scope":"Majority (50-90%)","timing":"Ongoing","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Medium
        Impact: 6","severity":"Causing/Could cause fluctuations","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Recreational
        activities"},"code":"6_1"},{"scope":"Majority (50-90%)","timing":"Ongoing","internationalTrade":"No","score":"Medium
        Impact: 6","severity":"Causing/Could cause fluctuations","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Intentional
        use (species is the target)"},"code":"5_1_1"},{"scope":"Majority (50-90%)","timing":"Ongoing","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Medium
        Impact: 6","severity":"Causing/Could cause fluctuations","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Small-holder
        grazing, ranching or farming"},"code":"2_3_2"},{"scope":"Majority (50-90%)","timing":"Future","internationalTrade":null,"score":"Low
        Impact: 4","severity":"Causing/Could cause fluctuations","ancestry":null,"virus":null,"ias":null,"text":null,"description":{"en":"Commercial
        \u0026 industrial areas"},"code":"1_2"}],"credits":[{"credit_type_name":"assessor","full":"Boitani,
        L.","value":["Luigi Boitani"]},{"credit_type_name":"evaluator","full":"Hoffmann,
        M., Chiozza, F. \u0026 Battistoni, A.","value":["Michael Hoffmann (Zoological
        Society of London / IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group)","Federica Chiozza (Global
        Mammal Assessment)","Alessia Battistoni (Global Mammal Assessment)"]},{"credit_type_name":"contributor","full":"Álvares,
        F., Avanzinelli, E., Avukatov, V., Bagrade, G., Balys, V., Barroso, I., Bartol,
        M., Bassano, B., Belotti, E., Bionda, R., Blanco, J.C., Bojda, M., Bragalanti,
        N., Bufka, L., Calderola, S., Chioso, C., Duchamp, C., Duľa, M., Elezi, R.,
        Fattori, U., Franc, K., Groff, C., Guinot-Ghestem, M., Hoxha, B., Hrovat,
        M., Huber, D., Iliopoulos, Y., Ionescu, G., Ionescu, O., Jansman, H., Jelenčič,
        M., Jeremić, J., Jerina, K., Jonozovič, M., Kaczensky, P., Kalaš, M., Kojola,
        I., Konec, M., Kos, I., Krofel, M., Kunz, F., Kuralt, Z., Kusak, J., Kutal,
        M., Kübarsepp, M., Lelieveld, G., Linnartz, L., Linnell, J., Luštrik, R.,
        López-Bao, J.V., Lūkins, M., Machciník, B., Majić Skrbinšek, A., Manz, R.,
        Martinelli, L., Marucco, F., Melovski, D., Melovski, D., Mysłajek, R.W., Männil,
        P., Nakamura, M., Nakamura, M., Nivala, V., Nowak, S., Olsen, K., Ozoliņš,
        J., Pedrotti, L., Pimenta, V., Popa, M., Potočnik, H., Ramadani, A., Rauer,
        G., Ražen, N., Reinhardt, I., Reljić, S., Rigg, R., Righetti, D., Salvatori,
        V., Sanaja, B., Shkvyria, M., Skrbinšek, T., Stergar, M., Sunde, P., Tironi,
        E., Trajçe, A., Trbojević, I., Truc, F., Tsingarska-Sedefcheva, E., Veeroja,
        R., Venema, P., Volfová, J., Yakovlev, Y., Zetterberg, A., Zimmermann, F.,
        Ćirović, D., Černe, R. \u0026 Špinkytė-Bačkaitienė, R.","value":["Dime Melovski
        (IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group)","Vasko  Avukatov (Macedonian Ecological Society)","Aleksandër
        Trajçe (Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment in Albania)","Bledi
        Hoxha (Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment in Albania)","Petra
        Kaczensky (Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary
        Medicine, Vienna, Austria)","John Linnell","Murielle Guinot-Ghestem","Jānis
        Ozoliņš (Latvian State Forest Research Institute ''Silava'')","Michio Nakamura","Djuro
        Huber (Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb)","Miha Krofel (University
        of Ljubljana, Faculty of Biotechnology)","Duško Ćirović (University of Belgrade)","Georgeta
        Ionescu (Transylvania University - Forest Faculty)","Francisco Álvares (CIBIO,
        Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Porto Universit)","Elisa
        Avanzinelli (Progetto LIFE WolfAlps, Centro Grandi Carnivori, Ente di Gestione
        delle Aree Protette delle Alpi Marittime)","Guna Bagrade (Latvian State Forest
        Research Institute Silava)","Vaidas Balys (Association for Nature Conservation,
        Lithuania)","Inês Barroso (ICNF, Institute for Nature Conservation and Forests)","Matej
        Bartol (Slovenia Forest Service)","Bruno Bassano (Parco Nazionale del Gran
        Paradiso)","Elisa Belotti (Administration of the National Park and Protective
        Landscape Area of Šumava, Czech Republic)","Radames Bionda (Progetto LIFE
        WolfAlps, Ente di Gestione delle Aree Protette dell’Ossola)","Juan Carlos
        Blanco (Wolf Project, Consultores en Biología de la Conservación)","Michal
        Bojda (Friends of the Earth Czech Republic)","Natalia Bragalanti (Provincia
        Autonoma di Trento, Servizio Foreste e fauna)","Luděk Bufka (Administration
        of the National Park and Protective Landscape Area of Šumava, Czech Republic)","Sonia
        Calderola (Progetto LIFE WolfAlps, Regione Veneto, Sezione Caccia e Pesca)","Rok
        Černe (Slovenia Forest Service)","Christian Chioso (Regione Autonoma Valle
        d’Aosta - Flora, fauna, caccia e pesca - Ufficio per la fauna selvatica)","Christophe
        Duchamp (Office national de la chasse et de la faune sauvage ONCFS, Réseau
        Loup-Lynx)","Martin Duľa (Mendel University in Brno · Institute of Forest
        Ecology)","Rafet Elezi (Environmentally Responsible Action (ERA), Balkan Lynx
        Recovery Programme)","Umberto Fattori (Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia,
        Ufficio studi faunistici)","Kljun Franc (University of Ljubljana, Faculty
        of Biotechnology)","Claudio Groff (Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Servizio
        Foreste e fauna)","Yorgos Iliopoulos (Callisto Wildlife Society)","Ovidiu
        Ionescu (Transylvania University - Forest Faculty)","Hugh Jansman (Inter Provinciaal
        Overleg (IPO), ‘Lupus’; the data belongs to Wageningen Environmental Research,
        Edgar van der Grift)","Jasna Jeremić (State Institute for Nature Protection,
        Department for Wild and Domesticated Taxa and Habitats)","Klemen Jerina (University
        of Ljubljana, Faculty of Biotechnology)","Marko Jonozovič (Slovenia Forest
        Service)","Michal Kalaš (Administration of the National Park Malá Fatra, Slovakia)","Ilpo
        Kojola (Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke))","Ivan Kos (University
        of Ljubljana, Faculty of Biotechnology)","Marko Kübarsepp (Estonian Environment
        Agency, Department of Wildlife Monitoring)","Florin Kunz (KORA - Carnivore
        Ecology and Wildlife Management)","Josip Kusak (University of Zagreb, Department
        of Biology)","Miroslav Kutal (Friends of the Earth Czech Republic)","Glenn
        Lelieveld (Wolven in Nederland)","Leo Linnartz (Wolven in Nederland)","José
        Vincente López-Bao (Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO/CSIC/PA), Oviedo University)","Mārtiņš
        Lūkins (Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava”)","Beňadik Machciník
        (Administration of the Protected Landscape Area Strážovské vrchy, Slovakia)","Maja
        Jelenčič (University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Biotechnology)","Aleksandra
        Majić Skrbinšek (University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Biotechnology)","Peep
        Männil (Estonian Environment Agency, Department of Wildlife Monitoring)","Ralph
        Manz (KORA - Carnivore Ecology and Wildlife Management)","Marjeta Konec (University
        of Ljubljana, Faculty of Biotechnology)","Laura Martinelli (Progetto LIFE
        WolfAlps, Centro Grandi Carnivori, Ente di Gestione delle Aree Protette delle
        Alpi Marittime)","Francesca Marucco (Progetto LIFE WolfAlps, Centro Grandi
        Carnivori, Ente di Gestione delle Aree Protette delle Alpi Marittime)","Dime
        Melovski (Macedonian Ecological Society)","Mojca Hrovat (Dinaricum)","Robert
        Mysłajek (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics
        and Biotechnology)","Mónia Nakamura (CIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity
        and Genetic Resources, Porto Universit)","Nina Ražen (University of Ljubljana,
        Faculty of Biotechnology)","Vesa Nivala (Natural Resources Institute Finland
        (Luke))","Sabina Nowak (Association for Nature Wolf )","Kent Olsen (Natural
        History Museum, Danish Agency for the Environment)","Luca Pedrotti (Provincia
        Autonoma di Trento, Servizio Foreste e fauna)","Virginia Pimenta (CIBIO, Research
        Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Porto Universit)","Marius Popa
        (Transylvania University - Forest Faculty)","Hubert Potočnik (University of
        Ljubljana, Faculty of Biotechnology)","Azem Ramadani (Environmentally Responsible
        Action (ERA), Balkan Lynx Recovery Programme)","Georg Rauer (Research Institute
        of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna)","Ilka Reinhardt
        (LUPUS German Institute for Wolf Monitoring and Research)","Slaven Reljić
        (University of Zagreb, Department of Biology)","Robin Rigg (Slovak Wildlife
        Society)","Davide Righetti (Progetto LIFE WolfAlps, Parco Nazionale dello
        Stelvio)","Roman Luštrik (University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Biotechnology)","Valeria
        Salvatori (Istituto di Ecologia Applicata)","Bardh Sanaja (Environmentally
        Responsible Action (ERA), Balkan Lynx Recovery Programme)","Maryna Shkvyria
        (Kyiv zoological park of National importance)","Tomaž Skrbinšek (University
        of Ljubljana, Faculty of Biotechnology)","Renata Špinkytė-Bačkaitienė (Aleksandras
        Stulginskis University)","Matija Stergar (University of Ljubljana, Faculty
        of Biotechnology)","Peter Sunde (Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience)","Elena
        Tironi (Progetto LIFE WolfAlps, Regione Lombardia, DG Ambiente, Energia e
        Sviluppo sostenibile, Struttura Valorizzazione aree protette e biodiversità)","Igor
        Trbojević (University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Science)","Fabrizio Truc (Progetto
        LIFE WolfAlps, Centro Grandi Carnivori, Ente di Gestione delle Aree Protette
        delle Alpi Marittime)","Elena Tsingarska-Sedefcheva (Balkani Wildlife Society)","Rauno
        Veeroja (Estonian Environment Agency, Department of Wildlife Monitoring)","Peter
        Venema (Provincie Drenthe)","Josefa Volfová (Friends of the Earth Czech Republic)","Yegor
        Yakovlev (Kyiv zoological park of National importance)","Žan Kuralt (University
        of Ljubljana, Faculty of Biotechnology)","Andreas Zetterberg (Swedish University
        of Agricultural Science)","Fridolin Zimmermann (KORA - Carnivore Ecology and
        Wildlife Management)"]},{"credit_type_name":"institutions","full":"IUCN SSC
        Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe","value":["IUCN SSC Large Carnivore
        Initiative for Europe"]}],"errata":[],"references":[{"citation":"Sillero-Zubiri,
        C., Hoffmann, M. and Macdonald D.W. (eds). 2004. \u003ci\u003eCanids: Foxes,
        Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC
        Canid Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2004","title":"Canids:
        Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan.
        IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.","author":"Sillero-Zubiri,
        C., Hoffmann, M. and Macdonald D.W. (eds)","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Mech,
        L. D. and Boitani, L. (eds). 2003. \u003ci\u003eWolves: behavior, ecology
        and conservation\u003c/i\u003e. pp. 472 pp.. University of Chicago Press,
        Chicago, IL, USA.","year":"2003","title":"Wolves: behavior, ecology and conservation","author":"Mech,
        L. D. and Boitani, L.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Danilov, P. I.
        2003. \u003ci\u003eStatus and dynamics of commercial game populations in Karelia.
        In: The Third International Symposium “Dynamics of Game Animals Populations
        in Northern Europe”, 45–48\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2003","title":"Status and
        dynamics of commercial game populations in Karelia. In: The Third International
        Symposium “Dynamics of Game Animals Populations in Northern Europe”, 45–48","author":"Danilov,
        P. I.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Iliopoulos, Y. 2005. \u003ci\u003eLinkage
        areas of wolf distribution in the alignment of EGNATIA highway – section 4.1-
        Final report- Project: “Monitoring and evaluation project on the effects of
        the construction and operating of the EGNATIA highway on large carnivores
        and their habitats - section4.1”, Arcturos, Egnatia S.A.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2005","title":"Linkage
        areas of wolf distribution in the alignment of EGNATIA highway – section 4.1-
        Final report- Project: “Monitoring and evaluation project on the effects of
        the construction and operating of the EGNATIA highway on large carnivores
        and their habitats - section4.1”, Arcturos, Egnatia S.A.","author":"Iliopoulos,
        Y.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Blanco, J.C. and Cortés, Y. 2002.
        \u003ci\u003eEcología, censos, percepción y evolución del lobo en España.
        SECEM, Málaga. 176 pp.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2002","title":"Ecología, censos,
        percepción y evolución del lobo en España. SECEM, Málaga. 176 pp.","author":"Blanco,
        J.C. and Cortés, Y.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Salvatori, V., Okarma,
        H., Ionescu, O., Dovhanych, Y., Findo, S. and Boitani, L. 2002. \u003ci\u003eHunting
        legislation in the Carpathian Mountains: implications for the conservation
        and management of large carnivores. Wildlife Biology, 8, 3-10.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2002","title":"Hunting
        legislation in the Carpathian Mountains: implications for the conservation
        and management of large carnivores. Wildlife Biology, 8, 3-10.","author":"Salvatori,
        V., Okarma, H., Ionescu, O., Dovhanych, Y., Findo, S. and Boitani, L.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"LCIE.
        2007. \u003ci\u003eGuidelines for Population Level Management Plans for Large
        Carnivores (Final draft, April 2007). Instituto di Ecologia Applicata, Rome.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2007","title":"Guidelines
        for Population Level Management Plans for Large Carnivores (Final draft, April
        2007). Instituto di Ecologia Applicata, Rome.","author":"LCIE","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Smietana,
        W. and Wajda, J. 1997. \u003ci\u003eWolf number changes in Bieszczady National
        Park, Poland. Acta Theriologica, 42: 241-252.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"1997","title":"Wolf
        number changes in Bieszczady National Park, Poland. Acta Theriologica, 42:
        241-252.","author":"Smietana, W. and Wajda, J.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Mech,
        L.D. 1970. \u003ci\u003eThe wolf: the ecology and behavior of an endangered
        species. Natural History Press, Doubleday Publishing Co., NY, USA.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"1970","title":"The
        wolf: the ecology and behavior of an endangered species. Natural History Press,
        Doubleday Publishing Co., NY, USA.","author":"Mech, L.D.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Okarma
        et al. 2000. \u003ci\u003eStatus of Carnivores in the Carpathian Ecoregion.
        WWF Report.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2000","title":"Status of Carnivores in
        the Carpathian Ecoregion. WWF Report.","author":"Okarma et al.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Boitani,
        L. 2003. \u003ci\u003eWolf Conservation and Recovery. In: D. Mech and L. Boitani
        (eds), Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Chicago
        Press.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2003","title":"Wolf Conservation and Recovery.
        In: D. Mech and L. Boitani (eds), Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation.
        University of Chicago Press.","author":"Boitani, L.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Linnell,
        J. D. C. et al. 2006. \u003ci\u003eLarge Carnivores in northern landscapes:
        Final report. NINA, Trondheim, Norway.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2006","title":"Large
        Carnivores in northern landscapes: Final report. NINA, Trondheim, Norway.","author":"Linnell,
        J. D. C. et al.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Verardi, A., Lucchini,
        V. and Randi, E. 2006. \u003ci\u003eDetecting introgressive hybridisation
        between free-ranging domestic dogs and wild wolves (Canis lupus) by admixture
        linkage disequilibrium analysis. Molecular Ecology (in press)\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2006","title":"Detecting
        introgressive hybridisation between free-ranging domestic dogs and wild wolves
        (Canis lupus) by admixture linkage disequilibrium analysis. Molecular Ecology
        (in press)","author":"Verardi, A., Lucchini, V. and Randi, E.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Huber,
        Đ., Kusak, J., Frković, A., Gužvica, G. and Gomerčić, T. 2002. \u003ci\u003eCauses
        of wolf mortality in Croatia in the period 1986-2001. Veterinarski arhiv.
        72: 131-139.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2002","title":"Causes of wolf mortality
        in Croatia in the period 1986-2001. Veterinarski arhiv. 72: 131-139.","author":"Huber,
        Đ., Kusak, J., Frković, A., Gužvica, G. and Gomerčić, T.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Sidorovich,
        V. E., Tikhomirova, L. L. \u0026 Jedrzejewska, B. 2003. \u003ci\u003eWolf
        Canis lupus numbers, diet and damage to livestock in relation to hunting and
        ungulate abundance in northeastern Belarus during 1990-2000. Wildlife Biology,
        9, 103-112.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2003","title":"Wolf Canis lupus numbers,
        diet and damage to livestock in relation to hunting and ungulate abundance
        in northeastern Belarus during 1990-2000. Wildlife Biology, 9, 103-112.","author":"Sidorovich,
        V. E., Tikhomirova, L. L. \u0026 Jedrzejewska, B.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Wabakken,
        P., Sand, H., Liberg, O. \u0026 Bjärvall, A. 2001. \u003ci\u003eThe recovery,
        distribution and population dynamics of wolves on the Scandinavian Peninsula,
        1978–98. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 710–725.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2001","title":"The
        recovery, distribution and population dynamics of wolves on the Scandinavian
        Peninsula, 1978–98. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 710–725.","author":"Wabakken,
        P., Sand, H., Liberg, O. \u0026 Bjärvall, A.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Iliopoulos,Y.
        1999. \u003ci\u003eDistribution, population estimates and conservation of
        the wolf in Greece-Arcturos, Thessaloniki, Greece - Project LIFE “Lycos” NAT97-GR04249:
        Conservation of the wolf (Canis lupus L.) and its habitats in Greece (Arcturos,
        EC DGEnv, Greek Ministry of Agriculture).\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"1999","title":"Distribution,
        population estimates and conservation of the wolf in Greece-Arcturos, Thessaloniki,
        Greece - Project LIFE “Lycos” NAT97-GR04249: Conservation of the wolf (Canis
        lupus L.) and its habitats in Greece (Arcturos, EC DGEnv, Greek Ministry of
        Agriculture).","author":"Iliopoulos,Y.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Ministry
        of Agriculture and Forestry. 2006. \u003ci\u003eManagement Plan for the Wolf
        Population in Finland. Helsinki, Finland.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2006","title":"Management
        Plan for the Wolf Population in Finland. Helsinki, Finland.","author":"Ministry
        of Agriculture and Forestry","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Boitani,
        L. 1995. Ecological and cultural diversities in the evolution of wolf-human
        relationships. In: L.N. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts and D.R. Seip (eds). Ecology and
        conservation of wolves in a changing world. Ocassional Publication 35. pp:
        3-11. Canadian Circumpolar Institute. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.","year":"1995","title":"Ecological
        and cultural diversities in the evolution of wolf-human relationships. In:
        L.N. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts and D.R. Seip (eds). Ecology and conservation of
        wolves in a changing world. Ocassional Publication 35. pp: 3-11. Canadian
        Circumpolar Institute. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.","author":"Boitani, L.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Okarma,
        H. 1993. \u003ci\u003eStatus and management of the wolf in Poland. Biological
        Conservation, 66: 153-158.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"1993","title":"Status and
        management of the wolf in Poland. Biological Conservation, 66: 153-158.","author":"Okarma,
        H.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Vosksar, J. 1993. \u003ci\u003eThe
        ecology of the wolf (Canis lupus) and its share on the formalization and stability
        of the Carpathian ecosystems in Slovakia. - Ochrana prirody, 12: 241-276.
        (In Slovak).\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"1993","title":"The ecology of the wolf
        (Canis lupus) and its share on the formalization and stability of the Carpathian
        ecosystems in Slovakia. - Ochrana prirody, 12: 241-276. (In Slovak).","author":"Vosksar,
        J.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Kusak, J., Majić Skrbinšek, A., Huber,
        D. 2005. \u003ci\u003eHome ranges, movements, and activity of wolves (Canis
        lupus) in the Dalmatian part of Dinarids, Croatia. European Journal of Wildlife
        Research. 51: 254-262.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2005","title":"Home ranges,
        movements, and activity of wolves (Canis lupus) in the Dalmatian part of Dinarids,
        Croatia. European Journal of Wildlife Research. 51: 254-262.","author":"Kusak,
        J., Majić Skrbinšek, A., Huber, D.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Bluzma,
        P. 2000. \u003ci\u003eLarge predatory mammals in Lithuania: abundance dynamics,
        distribution, population density. Folia Theriologica Estonica, 5, 35-41.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2000","title":"Large
        predatory mammals in Lithuania: abundance dynamics, distribution, population
        density. Folia Theriologica Estonica, 5, 35-41.","author":"Bluzma, P.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Vila,
        C., Sundqvist, A.-K., Flagstadt, Ø., Seddon, J., Björnerfeldt, S., Kojola,
        I., Casulli, A., Sand, H., Wabakken, P. \u0026 Ellegren, H. 2003. \u003ci\u003eRescue
        of a severely bottlenecked wolf (Canis lupus) population by a single immigrant.
        Proceedings Royal Society London B 270: 91–97.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2003","title":"Rescue
        of a severely bottlenecked wolf (Canis lupus) population by a single immigrant.
        Proceedings Royal Society London B 270: 91–97.","author":"Vila, C., Sundqvist,
        A.-K., Flagstadt, Ø., Seddon, J., Björnerfeldt, S., Kojola, I., Casulli, A.,
        Sand, H., Wabakken, P. \u0026 Ellegren, H.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Ciucci,
        P. and Boitani, L. 1998. \u003ci\u003eIl Lupo. Elementi di biologia, gestione
        e ricerca. Istituto Nazionale della Fauna Selvatica, Bologna. Documenti Tecnici
        n. 23: 1-114.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"1998","title":"Il Lupo. Elementi di
        biologia, gestione e ricerca. Istituto Nazionale della Fauna Selvatica, Bologna.
        Documenti Tecnici n. 23: 1-114.","author":"Ciucci, P. and Boitani, L.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Ozolins,
        J. and Andersone, Z. 2001. \u003ci\u003eStatus of Large Carnivore Conservation
        in the Baltic States: Action Plan for the Conservation of Wolf (Canis lupus)
        in Latvia. Council of Europe, T-PVS (2001) 73 addendum 2, 1-34.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2001","title":"Status
        of Large Carnivore Conservation in the Baltic States: Action Plan for the
        Conservation of Wolf (Canis lupus) in Latvia. Council of Europe, T-PVS (2001)
        73 addendum 2, 1-34.","author":"Ozolins, J. and Andersone, Z.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Liberg,
        O.,  Andrén, H.,  Pedersen, C.-H.,  Sand, H., Sejberg, D.,  Wabakken, P.,  Åkesson,
        M. and Bensch, S. 2005. \u003ci\u003eSevere inbreeding depression in a wild
        wolf Canis lupus population. Biology Letters 1: 17-20.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2005","title":"Severe
        inbreeding depression in a wild wolf Canis lupus population. Biology Letters
        1: 17-20.","author":"Liberg, O.,  Andrén, H.,  Pedersen, C.-H.,  Sand, H.,
        Sejberg, D.,  Wabakken, P.,  Åkesson, M. and Bensch, S.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Chapron,
        G., Kaczensky, P., Linnell, J.D.C., von Arx, M., Huber, D., Andrén, H., Vicente
        López-Bao, J., Adamec, M., Álvares, F., Anders, O., Balčiauskas, L., Balys,
        V., Bedő, P., Bego, F., Blanco, J. C., Breitenmoser, U., Brøseth, H., Bufka,
        L., Bunikyte, R., Ciucci, P., Dutsov, A., Engleder, T., Fuxjäger, C., Groff,
        C., Holmala, K., Hoxha, B., Iliopoulos, Y., Ionescu, O., Jeremić, J., Jerina,
        K., Kluth, Knauer, F., Kojola, I., Kos, I., Krofel, M., Kubala, J., Kunovac,
        S., Kusak, J., Kutal, M., Liberg, O., Majić, A., Männil, P., Manz, R., Marboutin,
        E., Marucco, F., Melovski, D., Mersini, K., Mertzanis, Y., Mysłajek, R.W.,
        Nowak, S., Odden, J., Ozolins, J., Palomero, G., Paunović, M., Persson, J.,
        Potočnik, H., Quenette, P.-Y., Rauer, G., Reinhardt, I., Rigg, R., Ryser,
        A., Salvatori, V., Skrbinšek, T., Stojanov, A., Swenson, J.E., Szemethy, L.,
        Trajçe, A., Tsingarska-Sedefcheva, E., Váňa, M., Veeroja, R., Wabakken, P.,
        Wölfl, M., Wölfl, S., Zimmermann, F., Zlatanova, D., and Boitani, L. 2014.
        Recovery of Large carnivores in Europe''s modern human-dominated landscapes.
        \u003ci\u003eScience\u003c/i\u003e 346: 1517-1519.","year":"2014","title":"Recovery
        of Large carnivores in Europe''s modern human-dominated landscapes","author":"Chapron,
        G., Kaczensky, P., Linnell, J.D.C., von Arx, M., Huber, D., Andrén, H., Vicente
        López-Bao, J., Adamec, M., Álvares, F., Anders, O., Balčiauskas, L., Balys,
        V., Bedő, P., Bego, F., Blanco, J. C., Breitenmoser, U., Brøseth, H., Bufka,
        L., Bunikyte, R., Ciucci, P., Dutsov, A., Engleder, T., Fuxjäger, C., Groff,
        C., Holmala, K., Hoxha, B., Iliopoulos, Y., Ionescu, O., Jeremić, J., Jerina,
        K., Kluth, Knauer, F., Kojola, I., Kos, I., Krofel, M., Kubala, J., Kunovac,
        S., Kusak, J., Kutal, M., Liberg, O., Majić, A., Männil, P., Manz, R., Marboutin,
        E., Marucco, F., Melovski, D., Mersini, K., Mertzanis, Y., Mysłajek, R.W.,
        Nowak, S., Odden, J., Ozolins, J., Palomero, G., Paunović, M., Persson, J.,
        Potočnik, H., Quenette, P.-Y., Rauer, G., Reinhardt, I., Rigg, R., Ryser,
        A., Salvatori, V., Skrbinšek, T., Stojanov, A., Swenson, J.E., Szemethy, L.,
        Trajçe, A., Tsingarska-Sedefcheva, E., Váňa, M., Veeroja, R., Wabakken, P.,
        Wölfl, M., Wölfl, S., Zimmermann, F., Zlatanova, D., and Boitani, L.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Kaczensky
        P., G. Chapron, G., von Arx, M., Huber, D., Andrén, C.H., and Linnell, J.
        2013. Status, management and distribution of large carnivores – bear, lynx,
        wolf and wolverine in Europe. Instituto di Ecologia Applicata and with contributions
        of the IUCN/SSC Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe.","year":"2013","title":"Status,
        management and distribution of large carnivores – bear, lynx, wolf and wolverine
        in Europe","author":"Kaczensky P., G. Chapron, G., von Arx, M., Huber, D.,
        Andrén, C.H., and Linnell, J.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Bragina,
        E.V., Ives, A.R., Pidgeon, A.M., Balčiauskas, L., Csányi, S., Khoyetskyy,
        P., Kysucká, K., Lieskovsky, J., Ozolins, J.,  Randveer, T., Štych, P., Volokh,
        A., Zhelev, C., Ziółkowska, E. and Radeloff, V.C. 2018. Wildlife population
        changes across Eastern Europe after the collapse of socialism. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers
        in ecology and environment\u003c/i\u003e 16: 77-81.","year":"2018","title":"Wildlife
        population changes across Eastern Europe after the collapse of socialism","author":"Bragina,
        E.V., Ives, A.R., Pidgeon, A.M., Balčiauskas, L., Csányi, S., Khoyetskyy,
        P., Kysucká, K., Lieskovsky, J., Ozolins, J.,  Randveer, T., Štych, P., Volokh,
        A., Zhelev, C., Ziółkowska, E. and Radeloff, V.C. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Cubaynes,
        S., Pradel, R., Choquet, R., Duchamp, C., Gaillard, JM., Lebreton, JD., Marboutin,
        E., Miquel, C., Reboulet, AM., Poillot, C., Taberlet, P. and Gimenez, O. 2010.
        Importance of Accounting for Detection Heterogeneity When Estimating Abundance:
        the Case of French Wolves. \u003ci\u003eConservation Biology \u003c/i\u003e
        24(2): 621-626.","year":"2010","title":"Importance of Accounting for Detection
        Heterogeneity When Estimating Abundance: the Case of French Wolves","author":"Cubaynes,
        S., Pradel, R., Choquet, R., Duchamp, C., Gaillard, JM., Lebreton, JD., Marboutin,
        E., Miquel, C., Reboulet, AM., Poillot, C., Taberlet, P. and Gimenez, O. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Nowak,
        S., Mysłajek, R.W., Tomczak, P., Szewczyk, M., Borowik, T. and Jędrzejewska,
        B. 2017. Sedentary but not dispersing wolves \u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e
        recolonizing western Poland (2001–2016) conform to the predictions of a habitat
        suitability model. \u003ci\u003eDiversity and Distributions \u003c/i\u003e
        23: 1353-1364.","year":"2017","title":"Sedentary but not dispersing wolves
        \u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e recolonizing western Poland (2001–2016)
        conform to the predictions of a habitat suitability model","author":"Nowak,
        S., Mysłajek, R.W., Tomczak, P., Szewczyk, M., Borowik, T. and Jędrzejewska,
        B.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Marucco, F., Avanzinelli, E., Bassano,
        B., Bionda, R., Bragalanti, N., Calderola, S., Chioso, C., Martinelli, L.,
        Fattori, U., Pedrotti, L., Righetti, D., Tironi, E. and Truc, F. 2017. Lo
        Status della popolazione di lupo sulle Alpi Italiane 2014-2016 Relazione tecnica,
        Progetto LIFE 12 NAT/IT/00080. WOLFALPS– Azione A4.","year":"2017","title":"Lo
        Status della popolazione di lupo sulle Alpi Italiane 2014-2016 Relazione tecnica,
        Progetto LIFE 12 NAT/IT/00080","author":"Marucco, F., Avanzinelli, E., Bassano,
        B., Bionda, R., Bragalanti, N., Calderola, S., Chioso, C., Martinelli, L.,
        Fattori, U., Pedrotti, L., Righetti, D., Tironi, E. and Truc, F. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Jiménez,
        J., García, E. J., Llaneza, L., Palacios, V., González, L. M., Domínguez,
        F. G., Igualada, J. M. and López-Bao, J. V. 2016. Multimethod, multistate
        Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach for use in regional monitoring of
        wolves. \u003ci\u003eConservation Biology \u003c/i\u003e 30: 883-893.","year":"2016","title":"Multimethod,
        multistate Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach for use in regional monitoring
        of wolves","author":"Jiménez, J., García, E. J., Llaneza, L., Palacios, V.,
        González, L. M., Domínguez, F. G., Igualada, J. M. and López-Bao, J. V. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Kutal,
        M., Belotti, E., Volfová, J., Mináriková, T., Bufka, L., Poledník, L., Krojerová,
        J., Bojda, M., Váňa, M., Kutalová, L., Beneš, J., Flousek, J., Tomášek, V.,
        Kafka, P., Poledníková, K., Pospíšková, J., Dekař, P., Machciník, B., Koubek,
        P. and Duľa, M. 2017. Occurrence of large carnivores – \u003ci\u003eLynx lynx\u003c/i\u003e,
        \u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e, and \u003ci\u003eUrsus arctos\u003c/i\u003e
        – and of \u003ci\u003eFelis silvestris\u003c/i\u003e in the Czech Republic
        and western Slovakia in 2012–2016 (Carnivora). \u003ci\u003eLynx n.s. (Praha).\u003c/i\u003e
        48: 93-107. (in Czech with English abstract).","year":"2017","title":"Occurrence
        of large carnivores – \u003ci\u003eLynx lynx\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eCanis
        lupus\u003c/i\u003e, and \u003ci\u003eUrsus arctos\u003c/i\u003e – and of
        \u003ci\u003eFelis silvestris\u003c/i\u003e in the Czech Republic and western
        Slovakia in 2012–2016 (Carnivora)","author":"Kutal, M., Belotti, E., Volfová,
        J., Mináriková, T., Bufka, L., Poledník, L., Krojerová, J., Bojda, M., Váňa,
        M., Kutalová, L., Beneš, J., Flousek, J., Tomášek, V., Kafka, P., Poledníková,
        K., Pospíšková, J., Dekař, P., Machciník, B., Koubek, P. and Duľa, M.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Linnell,
        J., Salvatori, V. and Boitani, L. 2008. Guidelines for population level management
        plans for large carnivores in Europe. A Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe
        report prepared for the European Commission, Rome.","year":"2008","title":"Guidelines
        for population level management plans for large carnivores in Europe","author":"Linnell,
        J., Salvatori, V. and Boitani, L.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Pilot,
        M., Jędrzejewski, W., Branicki, W., Sidorovich, V.E., Jędrzejewska, B., Stachura,
        K., Funk, S. 2006. Ecological factors influence population genetic structure
        of European grey wolves. \u003ci\u003eMolecular Ecology\u003c/i\u003e 15:
        4533-4553.","year":"2006","title":"Ecological factors influence population
        genetic structure of European grey wolves","author":"Pilot, M., Jędrzejewski,
        W., Branicki, W., Sidorovich, V.E., Jędrzejewska, B., Stachura, K., Funk,
        S. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"BfN. 2017. Pressehintergrund. Artenschutz.
        Der Wolf (\u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e) – Bestand, Prävention und
        Einschätzung von Wolfsverhalten. Available at: \u003ca href=\"https://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/BfN/presse/2017/Dokumente/Pressehintergrund_Wolf_2017bf.pdf\"\u003ehttps://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/BfN/presse/2017/Dokumente/Pressehintergrund_Wolf_2017bf.pdf\u003c/a\u003e.
        ","year":"2017","title":"Pressehintergrund. Artenschutz. Der Wolf (\u003ci\u003eCanis
        lupus\u003c/i\u003e) – Bestand, Prävention und Einschätzung von Wolfsverhalten","author":"BfN","citation_short":""},{"citation":"Strbenac,
        A., Huber, Đ., Kusak, J., Majić-Skrbinšek, A., Frković, A., Štahan, Ž., Jeremić-Martinko,
        J., Desnica, S. and Štrbenac, P. 2005. \u003ci\u003eWolf management plan for
        the Republic of Croatia Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode, 2005.\u003c/i\u003e.","year":"2005","title":"Wolf
        management plan for the Republic of Croatia Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode,
        2005.","author":"Strbenac, A., Huber, Đ., Kusak, J., Majić-Skrbinšek, A.,
        Frković, A., Štahan, Ž., Jeremić-Martinko, J., Desnica, S. and Štrbenac, P.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Marescot,
        L., Pradel, R., Duchamp, C., Cubaynes, S., Marboutin, S., Choquet, R., Miquel,
        C. and Gimenez, O. 2011. Capture–recapture population growth rate as a robust
        tool against detection heterogeneity for population management. \u003ci\u003eEcological
        Applications\u003c/i\u003e 21: 2898-2907.","year":"2011","title":"Capture–recapture
        population growth rate as a robust tool against detection heterogeneity for
        population management","author":"Marescot, L., Pradel, R., Duchamp, C., Cubaynes,
        S., Marboutin, S., Choquet, R., Miquel, C. and Gimenez, O. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Shkvyrya,
        M. 2008. Distribution, ecology and behavioral features of the wolf (\u003ci\u003eCanis
        lupus\u003c/i\u003e) in Ukraine. PhD thesis, Kyiv.","year":"2008","title":"Distribution,
        ecology and behavioral features of the wolf (\u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e)
        in Ukraine","author":"Shkvyrya, M.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Trouwborst,
        A. 2014. The EU Habitats Directive and wolf conservation and management on
        the Iberian Peninsula: a legal perspective. \u003ci\u003eGalemys: Spanish
        Journal of Mammalogy\u003c/i\u003e 26: 15-30.","year":"2014","title":"The
        EU Habitats Directive and wolf conservation and management on the Iberian
        Peninsula: a legal perspective","author":"Trouwborst, A.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Molinari-Jobin,
        A., Wölfl, S., Marboutin, E., Molinari, P., Wölfl, M., Kos, I., Fasel, M.,
        Koren, I., Fuxjäger, C., Breitenmoser, C., Huber, T., Blazic, M. and Breitenmoser,
        U. 2012. Monitoring the Lynx in the Alps. \u003ci\u003eHystrix\u003c/i\u003e
        23: 49-53.","year":"2012","title":"Monitoring the Lynx in the Alps","author":"Molinari-Jobin,
        A., Wölfl, S., Marboutin, E., Molinari, P., Wölfl, M., Kos, I., Fasel, M.,
        Koren, I., Fuxjäger, C., Breitenmoser, C., Huber, T., Blazic, M. and Breitenmoser,
        U.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Álvares, F., Barroso, I., Costa, G.,
        Espírito-Santo, C., Fonseca, C., Godinho, R.; Nakamura, M., Petrucci-Fonseca,
        F., Pimenta, V., Ribeiro, S., Rio-Maior, H., Santos, N. and Torres, R. 2015.
        Situação de referência para o Plano de Ação para a Conservação do Lobo-ibérico
        em Portugal (PACLOBO). ICNF/CIBIO-INBIO/CE3C/UA, Lisboa.","year":"2015","title":"Situação
        de referência para o Plano de Ação para a Conservação do Lobo-ibérico em Portugal
        (PACLOBO)","author":"Álvares, F., Barroso, I., Costa, G., Espírito-Santo,
        C., Fonseca, C., Godinho, R.; Nakamura, M., Petrucci-Fonseca, F., Pimenta,
        V., Ribeiro, S., Rio-Maior, H., Santos, N. and Torres, R. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Reinhardt,
        I., Kluth, G., Nowak, S. and Mysłajek, R.W. 2015. Standards for the monitoring
        of the Central European wolf population in Germany and Poland. BfN-Skripten
        398. Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN), Federal Agency for Nature Conservation,
        Bonn, Germany.","year":"2015","title":"Standards for the monitoring of the
        Central European wolf population in Germany and Poland. BfN-Skripten 398","author":"Reinhardt,
        I., Kluth, G., Nowak, S. and Mysłajek, R.W.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Jeremić,
        J., Desnica, S., Štrbenac, A., Kusak, J. and Huber, Đ. 2015. Report on the
        State of the Wolf Population in Croatia in 2015. Croatian Agency for Nature
        and Environment, Zagreb. (in Croatian).","year":"2015","title":"Report on
        the State of the Wolf Population in Croatia in 2015","author":"Jeremić, J.,
        Desnica, S., Štrbenac, A., Kusak, J. and Huber, Đ.  ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Pirga,
        B., Wasiak, P. and Kucharzyk, S. 2016. Identification and protection of migration
        corridors for large mammals – the results of the project conducted in the
        Bieszczady National Park in 2012–2015. Identyfikacja i ochrona korytarzy migracyjnych
        dużych ssaków  - wyniki projektu realizowanego na terenie Bieszczadzkiego
        Parku Narodowego w latach 2012-2015 . \u003ci\u003eRoczniki Bieszczadzkie
        \u003c/i\u003e 24: 123-144. (in Polish with English abstract).","year":"2016","title":"Identification
        and protection of migration corridors for large mammals – the results of the
        project conducted in the Bieszczady National Park in 2012–2015. Identyfikacja
        i ochrona korytarzy migracyjnych dużych ssaków  - wyniki projektu realizowanego
        na terenie Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego w latach 2012-2015 ","author":"Pirga,
        B., Wasiak, P. and Kucharzyk, S. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Nowak,
        S. and Mysłajek, R.W. 2016. Wolf recovery and population dynamics in Western
        Poland, 2001-2012. \u003ci\u003eMammal Research \u003c/i\u003e 61: 83-98.","year":"2016","title":"Wolf
        recovery and population dynamics in Western Poland, 2001-2012","author":"Nowak,
        S. and Mysłajek, R.W.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Fechter, D. and
        Storch, I. 2014. How Many Wolves (\u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e)
        Fit into Germany? The Role of Assumptions in Predictive Rule-Based Habitat
        Models for Habitat Generalists. \u003ci\u003ePLoS ONE \u003c/i\u003e 9(7):
        e101798.","year":"2014","title":"How Many Wolves (\u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e)
        Fit into Germany? The Role of Assumptions in Predictive Rule-Based Habitat
        Models for Habitat Generalists","author":"Fechter, D. and Storch, I. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Fabbri,
        E., Miquel, C., Lucchini, V., Santini, A., Caniglia, R., Duchamp, C., Weber,
        J.M., Lequette, B., Marucco, F., Boitani, L., Fumagalli, L., Taberlet, P.
        and Randi, E. 2007. From the Apennines to the Alps: colonization genetics
        of the naturally expanding Italian wolf (\u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e)
        population. \u003ci\u003eMolecular Ecology\u003c/i\u003e 16(8): 1661-1671.","year":"2007","title":"From
        the Apennines to the Alps: colonization genetics of the naturally expanding
        Italian wolf (\u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e) population","author":"Fabbri,
        E., Miquel, C., Lucchini, V., Santini, A., Caniglia, R., Duchamp, C., Weber,
        J.M., Lequette, B., Marucco, F., Boitani, L., Fumagalli, L., Taberlet, P.
        and Randi, E.","citation_short":""},{"citation":"Rigg, R., Skrbinšek, T. and
        Linnell, J. 2014. Engaging hunters and other stakeholders in a pilot study
        of wolves in Slovakia using non-invasive genetic sampling. Report to the project
        Support to the European Commission''s policy on large carnivores under the
        Habitats Directive – phase 2 (contract no. 07.0307/2013/654446/SER/B.3). Istituto
        di Ecologia Applicata, Rome.","year":"2014","title":"Engaging hunters and
        other stakeholders in a pilot study of wolves in Slovakia using non-invasive
        genetic sampling. Report to the project Support to the European Commission''s
        policy on large carnivores under the Habitats Directive – phase 2 (contract
        no. 07.0307/2013/654446/SER/B.3)","author":"Rigg, R., Skrbinšek, T. and Linnell,
        J.","citation_short":""},{"citation":"Blanco, J.C. and Cortés, Y. 2012. Surveying
        wolves without snow: a critical review of the methods used in Spain. \u003ci\u003eHystrix,
        The Italian Journal of Mammalogy \u003c/i\u003e 23: 35-48.","year":"2012","title":"Surveying
        wolves without snow: a critical review of the methods used in Spain","author":"Blanco,
        J.C. and Cortés, Y. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Jeremić, J., Desnica,
        S., Štrbenac, A., Hamidović, D., Huber, Đ., and Kusak, J. 2014. Report on
        the State of the Wolf Population in Croatia in 2014. State Institute for Nature
        Conservation, Zagreb.","year":"2014","title":"Report on the State of the Wolf
        Population in Croatia in 2014","author":"Jeremić, J., Desnica, S., Štrbenac,
        A., Hamidović, D., Huber, Đ., and Kusak, J. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Cazacu,
        C., Adamescu, M.C., Ionescu, O., Ionescu, G., Jurj, R., Popa, M., Cazacu,
        R. and Cotovelea, A. 2014. Mapping trends of large and medium size carnivores
        of conservation interest in Romania. \u003ci\u003eAnn. For. Res.\u003c/i\u003e
        57(1): 97-107.","year":"2014","title":"Mapping trends of large and medium
        size carnivores of conservation interest in Romania","author":"Cazacu, C.,
        Adamescu, M.C., Ionescu, O., Ionescu, G., Jurj, R., Popa, M., Cazacu, R. and
        Cotovelea, A.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Jeremić, J., Kusak, J.,
        Huber, Đ., Štrbenac, A. and Korša, A. 2016. Report on the State of the Wolf
        Population in Croatia in 2016. Croatian Agency for Nature and Environment,
        Zagreb. (in Croatian).","year":"2016","title":"Report on the State of the
        Wolf Population in Croatia in 2016","author":"Jeremić, J., Kusak, J., Huber,
        Đ., Štrbenac, A. and Korša, A.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Trbojević,
        I. 2016. Distribution of Grey wolf (\u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e
        L., 1758) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. (in Serbian with English summary). \u003ci\u003eBulletin
        of Faculty of Forestry, University of Banja Luka\u003c/i\u003e 25: 41-49.","year":"2016","title":"Distribution
        of Grey wolf (\u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e L., 1758) in Bosnia and
        Herzegovina. (in Serbian with English summary)","author":"Trbojević, I.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"López-Bao,
        J.V., Godinho, R., Pacheco, C., Lema, F.J., García, E., Llaneza, L., Palacios,
        V. and Jiménez, J. 2018. Toward reliable population estimates of wolves by
        combining spatial capture-recapture models and non-invasive DNA monitoring.
        \u003ci\u003eScientific Reports \u003c/i\u003e 8: 2177.","year":"2018","title":"Toward
        reliable population estimates of wolves by combining spatial capture-recapture
        models and non-invasive DNA monitoring","author":"López-Bao, J.V., Godinho,
        R., Pacheco, C., Lema, F.J., García, E., Llaneza, L., Palacios, V. and Jiménez,
        J. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Wolf Alpine Group. 2014. Available
        at: \u003ca href=\"http://www2.nina.no/lcie_new/pdf/635422311267073434_WAG_report_2014.pdf
        \"\u003ehttp://www2.nina.no/lcie_new/pdf/635422311267073434_WAG_report_2014.pdf
        \u003c/a\u003e. ","year":"2014","title":null,"author":"Wolf Alpine Group ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Nowak,
        S., Mysłajek, R.W. and Jędrzejewska, B. 2008. Density and demography of wolf
        \u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e population in the western-most part
        of the Polish Carpathian Mountains, 1996–2003. \u003ci\u003eFolia Zoologica
        \u003c/i\u003e 57: 392-402.","year":"2008","title":"Density and demography
        of wolf \u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e population in the western-most
        part of the Polish Carpathian Mountains, 1996–2003","author":"Nowak, S., Mysłajek,
        R.W. and Jędrzejewska, B.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Schnidrig,
        R., Nienhuis, C., Imhof, R., Bürki, R. and Breitenmoser, U. (eds). 2016. Wolf
        in the Alps: Recommendations for an internationally coordinated management.
        \u003ci\u003eRowAlps Report Objective 3\u003c/i\u003e, pp. 70. KORA Bericht
        Nr. 72. KORA. Muri bei Bern, Switzerland, and BAFU, Ittigen, Switzerland.","year":"2016","title":"Wolf
        in the Alps: Recommendations for an internationally coordinated management","author":"Schnidrig,
        R., Nienhuis, C., Imhof, R., Bürki, R. and Breitenmoser, U.","citation_short":""},{"citation":"Ciucci,
        P. 2012. Ibridazione con il cane come minaccia per la conservazione del lupo:
        status delle conoscenze e criteri per la identifcazione degli ibridi.  LIFE10NAT/IT/265
        IBRIWOLF. Istituto Ecologia Applicata, Roma.","year":"2012","title":"Ibridazione
        con il cane come minaccia per la conservazione del lupo: status delle conoscenze
        e criteri per la identifcazione degli ibridi","author":"Ciucci, P.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Chapron,
        G., Wikenros, C, Liberg, O. and Sand, H. 2016. Estimating wolf (\u003ci\u003eCanis
        lupus\u003c/i\u003e) population size from number of packs and an individual
        based model. \u003ci\u003eEcological Modelling \u003c/i\u003e 339: 33-44.","year":"2016","title":"Estimating
        wolf (\u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e) population size from number
        of packs and an individual based model","author":"Chapron, G., Wikenros, C,
        Liberg, O. and Sand, H.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Svensson, L.,
        Wabakken, P., Maartmann, E., Åkesson, M and Flagstad, Ø. 2017. Inventering
        av varg vintern 2016-2017. Bestandsovervåking av ulv vinteren 2016-2017. Bestandsstatus
        for store rovdyr i Skandinavia. Beståndsstatus för stora rovdjur i Skandinavien
        1-2017. 49 s. Grimsö och Evenstad, 30. mai 2017.","year":"2017","title":"Inventering
        av varg vintern 2016-2017. Bestandsovervåking av ulv vinteren 2016-2017. Bestandsstatus
        for store rovdyr i Skandinavia. Beståndsstatus för stora rovdjur i Skandinavien
        1-2017. 49 s","author":"Svensson, L., Wabakken, P., Maartmann, E., Åkesson,
        M and Flagstad, Ø. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Wolf Alpine Group.
        2018. Wolf population status in the Alps: pack distribution and trend up to
        2016, with focus on year 2015-2016. Available at: \u003ca href=\"http://www.lcie.org\"\u003ehttp://www.lcie.org\u003c/a\u003e.
        ","year":"2018","title":"Wolf population status in the Alps: pack distribution
        and trend up to 2016, with focus on year 2015-2016","author":"Wolf Alpine
        Group ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Kreeger, T.J. 2003. The internal
        wolf: physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. In: L.D. Mech, and L. Boitani
        (eds), \u003ci\u003eWolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation\u003c/i\u003e,
        pp. 161-191. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.","year":"2003","title":"The
        internal wolf: physiology, pathology, and pharmacology","author":"Kreeger,
        T.J.","citation_short":""},{"citation":"Duchamp, C.,Boyer, J., Briaudet, P-E.,
        Leonard, Y., Moris, P., Bataille, A., Dahier, T., Delacour, G., Millisher,
        G., Miquel, C., Poillot, C. and Marboutin, E. 2012. Wolf monitoring in France:
        a dual frame process to survey time- and space-related changes in the population.
        \u003ci\u003eHystrix It. J. Mamm\u003c/i\u003e 23(1): 14-28.","year":"2012","title":"Wolf
        monitoring in France: a dual frame process to survey time- and space-related
        changes in the population","author":"Duchamp, C.,Boyer, J., Briaudet, P-E.,
        Leonard, Y., Moris, P., Bataille, A., Dahier, T., Delacour, G., Millisher,
        G., Miquel, C., Poillot, C. and Marboutin, E. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Fuller,
        T.K., Mech, L.D. and Fitts-Cochran, J. 2003. Wolf population dynamics. In:
        L.D. Mech and L. Boitani (eds), \u003ci\u003eWolves: behavior, ecology, and
        conservation\u003c/i\u003e, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois,
        USA.","year":"2003","title":"Wolf population dynamics","author":"Fuller, T.K.,
        Mech, L.D. and Fitts-Cochran, J.","citation_short":""},{"citation":"Hulva,
        P., Černá Bolfíková, B., Woznicová, V., Jindřichová, M., Benešová, M., Mysłajek,
        R.W., Nowak, S., Szewczyk, M., Niedźwiecka, N., Figura, M., Hájková, A., Sándor,
        A.D., Zyka, V., Romportl, D., Kutal, M., Finďo, S. and Antal V. 2018. Wolves
        at the crossroad: fission-fusion range biogeography in the Western Carpathians
        and Central Europe. \u003ci\u003eDiversity and Distributions \u003c/i\u003e
        24(179-192).","year":"2018","title":"Wolves at the crossroad: fission-fusion
        range biogeography in the Western Carpathians and Central Europe","author":"Hulva,
        P., Černá Bolfíková, B., Woznicová, V., Jindřichová, M., Benešová, M., Mysłajek,
        R.W., Nowak, S., Szewczyk, M., Niedźwiecka, N., Figura, M., Hájková, A., Sándor,
        A.D., Zyka, V., Romportl, D., Kutal, M., Finďo, S. and Antal V. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Boitani,
        L and Salvatori, V. 2016. Piano di gestione del lupo in Italia (draft). Ministero
        Ambiente e tutela del territorio e del Mare, Roma.","year":"2016","title":"Piano
        di gestione del lupo in Italia (draft)","author":"Boitani, L and Salvatori,
        V.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Marucco, F., Avanzinelli, E. and Boitani,
        L. 2012. Non-invasive Integrated Sampling Design to Monitor the Wolf Population
        in Piemonte, Italian Alps. \u003ci\u003eHystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy\u003c/i\u003e
        23: 5-13.","year":"2012","title":"Non-invasive Integrated Sampling Design
        to Monitor the Wolf Population in Piemonte, Italian Alps","author":"Marucco,
        F., Avanzinelli, E. and Boitani, L.","citation_short":""},{"citation":"Kawata,
        Y., Ozoliņš, J. and Baumanis, J. 2013. Analysis of wildlife population dynamics
        using a connected scatter plot: Latvian wild animals as an example . \u003ci\u003eResearch
        Opinions in Animal and Veterinary Sciences\u003c/i\u003e 3(2): 50-59.","year":"2013","title":"Analysis
        of wildlife population dynamics using a connected scatter plot: Latvian wild
        animals as an example ","author":"Kawata, Y., Ozoliņš, J. and Baumanis, J.
        ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Gełdon, A., Nowak, S. and Mysłajek,
        R.W. 2015. Report on the inventory of large carnivores in the season 2014/2015
        in selected forest divisions of Regional Directorate of State Forests in Olsztyn
        and Regional Directorate of State Forests in Białymstok. Lasy Paostwowe, Olsztyn.
        In Polish.","year":"2015","title":"Report on the inventory of large carnivores
        in the season 2014/2015 in selected forest divisions of Regional Directorate
        of State Forests in Olsztyn and Regional Directorate of State Forests in Białymstok","author":"Gełdon,
        A., Nowak, S. and Mysłajek, R.W. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Galaverni,
        M., Caniglia, R., Fabbri, E., Milanesi, P. and Randi, E. 2015. One, no one,
        or one hundred thousand: how many wolves are there currenlty in Italy? . \u003ci\u003eMammal
        Research \u003c/i\u003e 61(1).","year":"2015","title":"One, no one, or one
        hundred thousand: how many wolves are there currenlty in Italy? ","author":"Galaverni,
        M., Caniglia, R., Fabbri, E., Milanesi, P. and Randi, E.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Kutal,
        M., Váňa, M., Suchomel, J., Chapron, G. and Lopez-Bao, J.V. 2016. Trans-Boundary
        Edge Effects in the Western Carpathians: The Influence of Hunting on Large
        Carnivore Occupancy. \u003ci\u003ePLOS ONE\u003c/i\u003e 11(12): e0168292.","year":"2016","title":"Trans-Boundary
        Edge Effects in the Western Carpathians: The Influence of Hunting on Large
        Carnivore Occupancy","author":"Kutal, M., Váňa, M., Suchomel, J., Chapron,
        G. and Lopez-Bao, J.V. ","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Sunde, P. and
        Olsen, K. 2018. Ulve (\u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e) i Danmark 2012-2017.
        Oversigt og analyse af tilgængelig bestandsinformation. Aarhus Universitet,
        DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 52 s. - Videnskabelig rapport
        fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 258.","year":"2018","title":"Ulve
        (\u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e) i Danmark 2012-2017. Oversigt og
        analyse af tilgængelig bestandsinformation","author":"Sunde, P. and Olsen,
        K.","citation_short":""},{"citation":"IUCN. 2025. The IUCN Red List of Threatened
        Species. Version 2025-1. Available at: \u003ca href=\"www.iucnredlist.org\"\u003ewww.iucnredlist.org\u003c/a\u003e.
        (Accessed: 27 March 2025).","year":"2025","title":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened
        Species. Version 2025-1","author":"IUCN","citation_short":"IUCN 2025-1"},{"citation":"Altobello,
        G. 1921. Mammiferi IV, Carnivori. \u003ci\u003eFauna d’Abruzzo e Molise\u003c/i\u003e,
        pp. 38-45. Colitti, Campobasso.","year":"1921","title":"Mammiferi IV, Carnivori","author":"Altobello,
        G.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Aragno, P., Salvatori, V., Caniglia,
        R., De Angelis, D., Fabbri, E., Gervasi, V., La Morgia, V., Marucco, F., Mucci,
        N., Velli, E. and Genovesi P. 2022. La popolazione di lupo nelle regioni dell’Italia
        peninsulare 2020/2021.  Relazione tecnica realizzata nell’ambito della convenzione
        ISPRA-Ministero della Transizione Ecologica “Attività di monitoraggio nazionale
        nell’ambito del Piano di Azione del lupo”.","year":"2022","title":"La popolazione
        di lupo nelle regioni dell’Italia peninsulare 2020/2021","author":"Aragno,
        P., Salvatori, V., Caniglia, R., De Angelis, D., Fabbri, E., Gervasi, V.,
        La Morgia, V., Marucco, F., Mucci, N., Velli, E. and Genovesi P.","citation_short":""},{"citation":"Boitani,
        L., Kaczensky, P., Alvares, F., Andrén, H., Balys, V., Blanco, J.C., Chapron,
        G., Chiriac, S., Cirovic, D.,Drouet-Houguet, N., Groff, C., Huber, D., Iliopoulos,
        Y., Ionescu, O., Kojola, I., Krofel, M., Kutal, M., Linnell, J., Majic, A.,
        Mannil, P., Marucco, F., Melovski, D., Mengüllüoğlu, D., Mergeay, J., Nowak,
        S., Ozolins, J., Perovic, A., Rauer, G., Reinhardt, I., Rigg, R., Salvatori,
        V., Sanaja, B., Schley, L.  Shkvyria, M., Sunde, P., Tirronen, K., Trajce,
        A., Trbojevic, I., Trouwborst, A., von Arx, M., Wolfl, M., Zlatanova, D. and
        Patkó, L. 2022. Assessment of the conservation status of the Wolf (\u003ci\u003eCanis
        lupus\u003c/i\u003e) in Europe. Council of Europe, Bern Convention, T-PVS/Inf(2022)45.","year":"2022","title":"Assessment
        of the conservation status of the Wolf (\u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e)
        in Europe","author":"Boitani, L., Kaczensky, P., Alvares, F., Andrén, H.,
        Balys, V., Blanco, J.C., Chapron, G., Chiriac, S., Cirovic, D.,Drouet-Houguet,
        N., Groff, C., Huber, D., Iliopoulos, Y., Ionescu, O., Kojola, I., Krofel,
        M., Kutal, M., Linnell, J., Majic, A., Mannil, P., Marucco, F., Melovski,
        D., Mengüllüoğlu, D., Mergeay, J., Nowak, S., Ozolins, J., Perovic, A., Rauer,
        G., Reinhardt, I., Rigg, R., Salvatori, V., Sanaja, B., Schley, L.  Shkvyria,
        M., Sunde, P., Tirronen, K., Trajce, A., Trbojevic, I., Trouwborst, A., von
        Arx, M., Wolfl, M., Zlatanova, D. and Patkó, L.","citation_short":null},{"citation":"Boitani,
        L. Phillips, M. and Jhala, Y. 2018 in press. \u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e.
        \u003ci\u003eThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species\u003c/i\u003e 2018(2).","year":"2018
        in press","title":"\u003ci\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/i\u003e","author":"Boitani,
        L. Phillips, M. and Jhala, Y.","citation_short":""},{"citation":"Salvatori,
        V., Godinho, R., Braschi, C., Boitani, L. and Ciucci, P. 2019. High levels
        of recent wolf × dog introgressive hybridization in agricultural landscapes
        of central Italy. \u003ci\u003eEuropean Journal of Wildlife Research\u003c/i\u003e
        65(5): 73-83.","year":"2019","title":"High levels of recent wolf × dog introgressive
        hybridization in agricultural landscapes of central Italy","author":"Salvatori,
        V., Godinho, R., Braschi, C., Boitani, L. and Ciucci, P","citation_short":""},{"citation":"Torres,
        R.T. and Fonseca, C. 2016. Perspectives on the Iberian wolf in Portugal: population
        trends and conservation threats. \u003ci\u003eBiodiversity Conservation\u003c/i\u003e
        25(3): 411–425.","year":"2016","title":"Perspectives on the Iberian wolf in
        Portugal: population trends and conservation threats","author":"Torres, R.T.
        and Fonseca, C.","citation_short":null}],"growth_forms":[],"lmes":[],"scopes":[{"description":{"en":"Europe"},"code":"2"}],"stresses":[{"description":{"en":"Ecosystem
        conversion"},"code":"1_1"},{"description":{"en":"Ecosystem conversion"},"code":"1_1"},{"description":{"en":"Ecosystem
        conversion"},"code":"1_1"},{"description":{"en":"Ecosystem conversion"},"code":"1_1"},{"description":{"en":"Ecosystem
        conversion"},"code":"1_1"},{"description":{"en":"Ecosystem conversion"},"code":"1_1"},{"description":{"en":"Ecosystem
        conversion"},"code":"1_1"},{"description":{"en":"Ecosystem degradation"},"code":"1_2"},{"description":{"en":"Ecosystem
        degradation"},"code":"1_2"},{"description":{"en":"Ecosystem degradation"},"code":"1_2"},{"description":{"en":"Ecosystem
        degradation"},"code":"1_2"},{"description":{"en":"Ecosystem degradation"},"code":"1_2"},{"description":{"en":"Ecosystem
        degradation"},"code":"1_2"},{"description":{"en":"Ecosystem degradation"},"code":"1_2"},{"description":{"en":"Species
        mortality"},"code":"2_1"},{"description":{"en":"Species mortality"},"code":"2_1"},{"description":{"en":"Species
        mortality"},"code":"2_1"},{"description":{"en":"Species disturbance"},"code":"2_2"}],"systems":[{"description":{"en":"Terrestrial"},"code":"0"}]}'
  recorded_at: 2025-07-08 15:43:12 GMT
  recorded_with: vcr/1.7.0, webmockr/2.0.0
