/*****************************************************************************
 *                                                                           *
 *          UNURAN -- Universal Non-Uniform Random number generator          *
 *                                                                           *
 *****************************************************************************
 *                                                                           *
 *   FILE:      ssr.c                                                        *
 *                                                                           *
 *   TYPE:      continuous univariate random variate                         *
 *   METHOD:    rejection with universal bounds                              *
 *                                                                           *
 *   DESCRIPTION:                                                            *
 *      Given PDF and mode of a T_{-1/2}-concave distribution                *
 *      produce a value x consistent with its density                        *
 *                                                                           *
 *   REQUIRED:                                                               *
 *      pointer to the density function                                      *
 *      mode of the density                                                  *
 *      area below PDF                                                       *
 *   OPTIONAL:                                                               *
 *      CDF at mode                                                          *
 *                                                                           *
 *****************************************************************************
 *                                                                           *
 *   Copyright (c) 2000-2006 Wolfgang Hoermann and Josef Leydold             *
 *   Department of Statistics and Mathematics, WU Wien, Austria              *
 *                                                                           *
 *   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify    *
 *   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by    *
 *   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or       *
 *   (at your option) any later version.                                     *
 *                                                                           *
 *   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,         *
 *   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of          *
 *   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the           *
 *   GNU General Public License for more details.                            *
 *                                                                           *
 *   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License       *
 *   along with this program; if not, write to the                           *
 *   Free Software Foundation, Inc.,                                         *
 *   59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA                  *
 *                                                                           *
 *****************************************************************************
 *                                                                           *
 *   REFERENCES:                                                             *
 *   [1] Leydold J. (2001): A simple universal generator for continuous and  *
 *       discrete univariate T-concave distributions,                        *
 *       ACM Trans. Math. Software 27(1), pp. 66--82.                        *
 *                                                                           *
 *   [2] Hoermann W. (1995): A rejection technique for sampling from         *
 *       T-concave distributions, ACM TOMS 21, p. 182-193                    *
 *                                                                           *
 *****************************************************************************
 *                                                                           *
 * This algorithm is based on transformed density rejection (see [2]), were  *
 * universal upper and lower bounds are used. These are derived via the      *
 * ratio-of-uniforms method. See [1] for details and a description of the    *
 * algorithm. It works for any distribution, where -1/sqrt(PDF(x)) is        *
 * concave. This includes all log-concave distributions.                     *
 *                                                                           *
 * (The mirror principle has not been implemented.)                          *
 *                                                                           *
 *****************************************************************************/

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#include <unur_source.h>
#include <distr/distr.h>
#include <distr/distr_source.h>
#include <distr/cont.h>
#include <urng/urng.h>
#include "unur_methods_source.h"
#include "x_gen_source.h"
#include "ssr.h"
#include "ssr_struct.h"

#ifdef UNUR_ENABLE_INFO
#  include <tests/unuran_tests.h>
#endif

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Variants: none                                                            */

#define SSR_VARFLAG_VERIFY   0x002u    /* run verify mode                    */
#define SSR_VARFLAG_SQUEEZE  0x004u    /* use universal squeeze if possible  */

#define SSR_VARFLAG_MIRROR   0x008u    /* use mirror principle               */
/* not implemented yet! */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Debugging flags                                                           */
/*    bit  01    ... pameters and structure of generator (do not use here)   */
/*    bits 02-12 ... setup                                                   */
/*    bits 13-24 ... adaptive steps                                          */
/*    bits 25-32 ... trace sampling                                          */

#define SSR_DEBUG_REINIT    0x00000010u   /* print parameters after reinit  */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Flags for logging set calls                                               */

#define SSR_SET_CDFMODE      0x001u    /* CDF at mode is known               */
#define SSR_SET_PDFMODE      0x002u    /* PDF at mode is set                 */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#define GENTYPE "SSR"          /* type of generator                          */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static struct unur_gen *_unur_ssr_init( struct unur_par *par );
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Initialize new generator.                                                 */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static int _unur_ssr_reinit( struct unur_gen *gen );
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Reinitialize generator.                                                   */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static struct unur_gen *_unur_ssr_create( struct unur_par *par );
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* create new (almost empty) generator object.                               */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static int _unur_ssr_check_par( struct unur_gen *gen );
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Check parameters of given distribution and method                         */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static struct unur_gen *_unur_ssr_clone( const struct unur_gen *gen );
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* copy (clone) generator object.                                            */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static void _unur_ssr_free( struct unur_gen *gen);
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* destroy generator object.                                                 */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static double _unur_ssr_sample( struct unur_gen *gen );
static double _unur_ssr_sample_check( struct unur_gen *gen );
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* sample from generator                                                     */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static int _unur_ssr_hat( struct unur_gen *gen );
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* compute universal hat.                                                    */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#ifdef UNUR_ENABLE_LOGGING
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* the following functions print debugging information on output stream,     */
/* i.e., into the LOG file if not specified otherwise.                       */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static void _unur_ssr_debug_init( const struct unur_gen *gen, int is_reinit );
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* print after generator has been initialized has completed.                 */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#endif

#ifdef UNUR_ENABLE_INFO
static void _unur_ssr_info( struct unur_gen *gen, int help );
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* create info string.                                                       */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#endif

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* abbreviations */

#define DISTR_IN  distr->data.cont      /* data for distribution object      */

#define PAR       ((struct unur_ssr_par*)par->datap) /* data for parameter object */
#define GEN       ((struct unur_ssr_gen*)gen->datap) /* data for generator object */
#define DISTR     gen->distr->data.cont /* data for distribution in generator object */

#define BD_LEFT   domain[0]             /* left boundary of domain of distribution */
#define BD_RIGHT  domain[1]             /* right boundary of domain of distribution */

#define SAMPLE    gen->sample.cont      /* pointer to sampling routine       */     

#define PDF(x)    _unur_cont_PDF((x),(gen->distr))    /* call to PDF         */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#define _unur_ssr_getSAMPLE(gen) \
   ( ((gen)->variant & SSR_VARFLAG_VERIFY) \
     ? _unur_ssr_sample_check : _unur_ssr_sample )

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* constants                                                                 */

#define SQRT2    1.4142135623731

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*****************************************************************************/
/**  Public: User Interface (API)                                           **/
/*****************************************************************************/

struct unur_par *
unur_ssr_new( const struct unur_distr *distr )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* get default parameters                                               */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   distr ... pointer to distribution object                           */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* return:                                                              */
     /*   default parameters (pointer to structure)                          */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* error:                                                               */
     /*   return NULL                                                        */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{ 
  struct unur_par *par;

  /* check arguments */
  _unur_check_NULL( GENTYPE,distr,NULL );

  /* check distribution */
  if (distr->type != UNUR_DISTR_CONT) {
    _unur_error(GENTYPE,UNUR_ERR_DISTR_INVALID,""); return NULL; }
  COOKIE_CHECK(distr,CK_DISTR_CONT,NULL);

  if (DISTR_IN.pdf == NULL) {
    _unur_error(GENTYPE,UNUR_ERR_DISTR_REQUIRED,"PDF"); 
    return NULL;
  }

  /* allocate structure */
  par = _unur_par_new( sizeof(struct unur_ssr_par) );
  COOKIE_SET(par,CK_SSR_PAR);

  /* copy input */
  par->distr    = distr;            /* pointer to distribution object        */

  /* set default values */
  PAR->Fmode     = -1.;             /* CDF at mode (unknown yet)             */
  PAR->fm        = -1.;             /* PDF at mode (unknown)                 */
  PAR->um        = -1.;             /* square of PDF at mode (unknown)       */

  par->method   = UNUR_METH_SSR;    /* method and default variant            */
  par->variant  = 0u;               /* default variant                       */
  par->set      = 0u;               /* inidicate default parameters          */    
  par->urng     = unur_get_default_urng(); /* use default urng               */
  par->urng_aux = NULL;                    /* no auxilliary URNG required    */

  par->debug    = _unur_default_debugflag; /* set default debugging flags    */

  /* routine for starting generator */
  par->init = _unur_ssr_init;

  return par;

} /* end of unur_ssr_new() */

/*****************************************************************************/

int 
unur_ssr_set_cdfatmode( struct unur_par *par, double Fmode )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* set cdf at mode                                                      */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   par   ... pointer to parameter for building generator object       */
     /*   Fmode ... CDF at mode                                              */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* return:                                                              */
     /*   UNUR_SUCCESS ... on success                                        */
     /*   error code   ... on error                                          */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{
  /* check arguments */
  _unur_check_NULL( GENTYPE, par, UNUR_ERR_NULL );
  _unur_check_par_object( par, SSR );

  /* check new parameter for generator */
  if (Fmode < 0. || Fmode > 1.) {
    _unur_warning(GENTYPE,UNUR_ERR_PAR_SET,"CDF(mode)");
    return UNUR_ERR_PAR_SET;
  }

  /* store date */
  PAR->Fmode = Fmode;

  /* changelog */
  par->set |= SSR_SET_CDFMODE;

  return UNUR_SUCCESS;

} /* end of unur_ssr_set_cdfatmode() */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

int 
unur_ssr_set_pdfatmode( UNUR_PAR *par, double fmode )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* Set PDF at mode. if set the PDF at the mode is never changed.        */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   par   ... pointer to parameter for building generator object       */
     /*   fmode ... PDF at mode                                              */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* return:                                                              */
     /*   UNUR_SUCCESS ... on success                                        */
     /*   error code   ... on error                                          */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{
  /* check arguments */
  _unur_check_NULL( GENTYPE, par, UNUR_ERR_NULL );
  _unur_check_par_object( par, SSR );

  /* check new parameter for generator */
  if (fmode <= 0.) {
    _unur_warning(GENTYPE,UNUR_ERR_PAR_SET,"PDF(mode)");
    return UNUR_ERR_PAR_SET;
  }
  if (!_unur_isfinite(fmode)) {
    _unur_warning(GENTYPE,UNUR_ERR_PAR_SET,"PDF(mode) overflow");
    return UNUR_ERR_PAR_SET;
  }

  /* store date */
  PAR->fm = fmode;
  PAR->um = sqrt(fmode);

  /* changelog */
  par->set |= SSR_SET_PDFMODE;

  return UNUR_SUCCESS;

} /* end of unur_ssr_set_pdfatmode() */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

int
unur_ssr_set_verify( struct unur_par *par, int verify )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* turn verifying of algorithm while sampling on/off                    */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   par    ... pointer to parameter for building generator object      */
     /*   verify ... 0 = no verifying,  !0 = verifying                       */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* return:                                                              */
     /*   UNUR_SUCCESS ... on success                                        */
     /*   error code   ... on error                                          */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* comment:                                                             */
     /*   no verifying is the default                                        */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{
  /* check arguments */
  _unur_check_NULL( GENTYPE, par, UNUR_ERR_NULL );
  _unur_check_par_object( par, SSR );

  /* we use a bit in variant */
  par->variant = (verify) ? (par->variant | SSR_VARFLAG_VERIFY) : (par->variant & (~SSR_VARFLAG_VERIFY));

  /* o.k. */
  return UNUR_SUCCESS;

} /* end of unur_ssr_set_verify() */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

int
unur_ssr_chg_verify( struct unur_gen *gen, int verify )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* turn verifying of algorithm while sampling on/off                    */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   gen    ... pointer to generator object                             */
     /*   verify ... 0 = no verifying,  !0 = verifying                       */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* return:                                                              */
     /*   UNUR_SUCCESS ... on success                                        */
     /*   error code   ... on error                                          */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* comment:                                                             */
     /*   no verifying is the default                                        */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{
  /* check input */
  _unur_check_NULL( GENTYPE, gen, UNUR_ERR_NULL );
  _unur_check_gen_object( gen, SSR, UNUR_ERR_GEN_INVALID );

  /* we must not change this switch when sampling has been disabled by
     using a pointer to the error producing routine                          */
  if (SAMPLE == _unur_sample_cont_error) 
    return UNUR_FAILURE;

  if (verify)
    /* turn verify mode on */
    gen->variant |= SSR_VARFLAG_VERIFY;
  else
    /* turn verify mode off */
    gen->variant &= ~SSR_VARFLAG_VERIFY;

  SAMPLE = _unur_ssr_getSAMPLE(gen);

  /* o.k. */
  return UNUR_SUCCESS;

} /* end of unur_ssr_chg_verify() */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

int 
unur_ssr_set_usesqueeze( struct unur_par *par, int usesqueeze )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* set flag for using universal squeeze (default: off)                  */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   par    ... pointer to parameter for building generator object      */
     /*   usesqueeze ... 0 = no squeeze,  !0 = use squeeze                   */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* return:                                                              */
     /*   UNUR_SUCCESS ... on success                                        */
     /*   error code   ... on error                                          */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* comment:                                                             */
     /*   no squeeze is the default                                          */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{
  /* check arguments */
  _unur_check_NULL( GENTYPE, par, UNUR_ERR_NULL );
  _unur_check_par_object( par, SSR );

  /* we use a bit in variant */
  par->variant = (usesqueeze) 
    ? (par->variant | SSR_VARFLAG_SQUEEZE) 
    : (par->variant & (~SSR_VARFLAG_SQUEEZE));

  /* o.k. */
  return UNUR_SUCCESS;

} /* end of unur_ssr_set_usesqueeze() */

/*****************************************************************************/

int
unur_ssr_chg_cdfatmode( struct unur_gen *gen, double Fmode )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* change value of CDF at mode                                          */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   gen   ... pointer to generator object                              */
     /*   Fmode ... CDF at mode                                              */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* return:                                                              */
     /*   UNUR_SUCCESS ... on success                                        */
     /*   error code   ... on error                                          */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{
  /* check arguments */
  _unur_check_NULL( GENTYPE, gen, UNUR_ERR_NULL );
  _unur_check_gen_object( gen, SSR, UNUR_ERR_GEN_INVALID );

  /* check new parameter for generator */
  if (Fmode < 0. || Fmode > 1.) {
    _unur_warning(gen->genid,UNUR_ERR_PAR_SET,"CDF(mode)");
    return UNUR_ERR_PAR_SET;
  }
  
  /* copy parameters */
  GEN->Fmode = Fmode;

  /* changelog */
  gen->set |= SSR_SET_CDFMODE;

  /* o.k. */
  return UNUR_SUCCESS;
} /* end of unur_ssr_chg_cdfatmode() */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

int
unur_ssr_chg_pdfatmode( struct unur_gen *gen, double fmode )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* change value of PDF at mode                                          */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   gen   ... pointer to generator object                              */
     /*   fmode ... PDF at mode                                              */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* return:                                                              */
     /*   UNUR_SUCCESS ... on success                                        */
     /*   error code   ... on error                                          */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{
  /* check arguments */
  _unur_check_NULL( GENTYPE, gen, UNUR_ERR_NULL );
  _unur_check_gen_object( gen, SSR, UNUR_ERR_GEN_INVALID );

  /* check new parameter for generator */
  if (fmode <= 0.) {
    _unur_warning(gen->genid,UNUR_ERR_PAR_SET,"PDF(mode)");
    return UNUR_ERR_PAR_SET;
  }
  if (!_unur_isfinite(fmode)) {
    _unur_warning(GENTYPE,UNUR_ERR_PAR_SET,"PDF(mode) overflow");
    return UNUR_ERR_PAR_SET;
  }

  /* store date */
  GEN->fm = fmode;
  GEN->um = sqrt(fmode);

  /* changelog */
  gen->set |= SSR_SET_PDFMODE;

  /* o.k. */
  return UNUR_SUCCESS;
} /* end of unur_ssr_chg_pdfatmode() */


/*****************************************************************************/
/**  Private                                                                **/
/*****************************************************************************/

struct unur_gen *
_unur_ssr_init( struct unur_par *par )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* initialize new generator                                             */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   params  pointer to paramters for building generator object         */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* return:                                                              */
     /*   pointer to generator object                                        */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* error:                                                               */
     /*   return NULL                                                        */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{ 
  struct unur_gen *gen;

  /* check arguments */
  CHECK_NULL(par,NULL);

  /* check input */
  if ( par->method != UNUR_METH_SSR ) {
    _unur_error(GENTYPE,UNUR_ERR_PAR_INVALID,"");
    return NULL; }
  COOKIE_CHECK(par,CK_SSR_PAR,NULL);

  if (! (par->set & SSR_SET_CDFMODE))
    /* cdf at mode unknown -->
       thus we cannot use universal squeeze */
    par->variant &= ~SSR_VARFLAG_SQUEEZE;

  /* create a new empty generator object */
  gen = _unur_ssr_create(par);

  /* free parameters */
  _unur_par_free(par);

  if (!gen) return NULL;

  /* check parameters */
  if (_unur_ssr_check_par(gen) != UNUR_SUCCESS) {
    _unur_ssr_free(gen); return NULL;
  }

  /* compute universal bounding rectangle */
  if (_unur_ssr_hat(gen)!=UNUR_SUCCESS) {
    _unur_ssr_free(gen); return NULL;
  }

#ifdef UNUR_ENABLE_LOGGING
    /* write info into LOG file */
    if (gen->debug) _unur_ssr_debug_init(gen, FALSE);
#endif

  return gen;
} /* end of _unur_ssr_init() */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

int
_unur_ssr_reinit( struct unur_gen *gen )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* re-initialize (existing) generator.                                  */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   gen ... pointer to generator object                                */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* return:                                                              */
     /*   UNUR_SUCCESS ... on success                                        */
     /*   error code   ... on error                                          */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{
  int rcode;

  /* check parameters */
  if ( (rcode = _unur_ssr_check_par(gen)) != UNUR_SUCCESS)
    return rcode;

  /* compute universal bounding rectangle */
  rcode = _unur_ssr_hat( gen );

  /* (re)set sampling routine */
  SAMPLE = _unur_ssr_getSAMPLE(gen);

#ifdef UNUR_ENABLE_LOGGING
  /* write info into LOG file */
  if (gen->debug & SSR_DEBUG_REINIT) _unur_ssr_debug_init(gen,TRUE);
#endif

  return rcode;
} /* end of _unur_ssr_reinit() */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

struct unur_gen *
_unur_ssr_create( struct unur_par *par )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* allocate memory for generator                                        */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   par ... pointer to parameter for building generator object         */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* return:                                                              */
     /*   pointer to (empty) generator object with default settings          */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* error:                                                               */
     /*   return NULL                                                        */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{
  struct unur_gen *gen;

  /* check arguments */
  CHECK_NULL(par,NULL);  COOKIE_CHECK(par,CK_SSR_PAR,NULL);

  /* create new generic generator object */
  gen = _unur_generic_create( par, sizeof(struct unur_ssr_gen) );

  /* magic cookies */
  COOKIE_SET(gen,CK_SSR_GEN);

  /* set generator identifier */
  gen->genid = _unur_set_genid(GENTYPE);

  /* routines for sampling and destroying generator */
  SAMPLE = _unur_ssr_getSAMPLE(gen);
  gen->destroy = _unur_ssr_free;
  gen->clone = _unur_ssr_clone;
  gen->reinit = _unur_ssr_reinit;

  /* copy some parameters into generator object */
  GEN->Fmode = PAR->Fmode;            /* CDF at mode                           */
  GEN->fm    = PAR->fm;               /* PDF at mode                           */
  GEN->um    = PAR->um;               /* square root of PDF at mode            */

  /* initialize parameters */

#ifdef UNUR_ENABLE_INFO
  /* set function for creating info string */
  gen->info = _unur_ssr_info;
#endif

  /* return pointer to (almost empty) generator object */
  return gen;

} /* end of _unur_ssr_create() */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

int
_unur_ssr_check_par( struct unur_gen *gen )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* check parameters of given distribution and method                    */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   gen ... pointer to generator object                                */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* return:                                                              */
     /*   UNUR_SUCCESS ... on success                                        */
     /*   error code   ... on error                                          */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{
  /* check for required data: mode */
  if (!(gen->distr->set & UNUR_DISTR_SET_MODE)) {
    _unur_warning(GENTYPE,UNUR_ERR_DISTR_REQUIRED,"mode: try finding it (numerically)");
    if (unur_distr_cont_upd_mode(gen->distr)!=UNUR_SUCCESS) {
      _unur_error(GENTYPE,UNUR_ERR_DISTR_REQUIRED,"mode");
      return UNUR_ERR_DISTR_REQUIRED;
    }
  }

  /* check for required data: area */
  if (!(gen->distr->set & UNUR_DISTR_SET_PDFAREA)) {
    if (unur_distr_cont_upd_pdfarea(gen->distr)!=UNUR_SUCCESS) {
      _unur_error(GENTYPE,UNUR_ERR_DISTR_REQUIRED,"area below PDF");
      return UNUR_ERR_DISTR_REQUIRED;
    }
  }

  /* mode must be in domain */
  if ( (DISTR.mode < DISTR.BD_LEFT) ||
       (DISTR.mode > DISTR.BD_RIGHT) ) {
    /* there is something wrong.
       assume: user has change domain without changing mode.
       but then, she probably has not updated area and is to large */
    _unur_warning(GENTYPE,UNUR_ERR_GEN_DATA,"area and/or CDF at mode");
    DISTR.mode = _unur_max(DISTR.mode,DISTR.BD_LEFT);
    DISTR.mode = _unur_min(DISTR.mode,DISTR.BD_RIGHT);
  }

  return UNUR_SUCCESS;
} /* end of _unur_ssr_check_par() */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

struct unur_gen *
_unur_ssr_clone( const struct unur_gen *gen )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* copy (clone) generator object                                        */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   gen ... pointer to generator object                                */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* return:                                                              */
     /*   pointer to clone of generator object                               */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* error:                                                               */
     /*   return NULL                                                        */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{ 
#define CLONE  ((struct unur_ssr_gen*)clone->datap)

  struct unur_gen *clone;

  /* check arguments */
  CHECK_NULL(gen,NULL);  COOKIE_CHECK(gen,CK_SSR_GEN,NULL);

  /* create generic clone */
  clone = _unur_generic_clone( gen, GENTYPE );

  return clone;

#undef CLONE
} /* end of _unur_ssr_clone() */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

void
_unur_ssr_free( struct unur_gen *gen )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* deallocate generator object                                          */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   gen ... pointer to generator object                                */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{ 

  /* check arguments */
  if( !gen ) /* nothing to do */
    return;

  /* check input */
  if ( gen->method != UNUR_METH_SSR ) {
    _unur_warning(gen->genid,UNUR_ERR_GEN_INVALID,"");
    return; }
  COOKIE_CHECK(gen,CK_SSR_GEN,RETURN_VOID);

  /* we cannot use this generator object any more */
  SAMPLE = NULL;   /* make sure to show up a programming error */

  /* free memory */
  _unur_generic_free(gen);

} /* end of _unur_ssr_free() */

/*****************************************************************************/

double
_unur_ssr_sample( struct unur_gen *gen )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* sample from generator                                                */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   gen ... pointer to generator object                                */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* return:                                                              */
     /*   double (sample from random variate)                                */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* error:                                                               */
     /*   return UNUR_INFINITY                                               */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{ 
  double U,V,X,xx,y;

  /* check arguments */
  CHECK_NULL(gen,UNUR_INFINITY);  COOKIE_CHECK(gen,CK_SSR_GEN,UNUR_INFINITY);

  while (1) {
    /* uniform ~U(0,1) */
    while ( _unur_iszero(U = GEN->Aleft + _unur_call_urng(gen->urng) * GEN->Ain) );

    if (U < GEN->al) {        /* first part */
      X = - GEN->vl * GEN->vl / U;
      y = (U / GEN->vl);
      y = y*y;
    }
    else if (U <= GEN->ar) {  /* second part */
      X = GEN->xl + (U-GEN->al)/GEN->fm;
      y = GEN->fm;
    }
    else {                   /* third part */
      X = GEN->vr * GEN->vr / (GEN->um * GEN->vr - (U-GEN->ar));
      y = (GEN->A - U) / GEN->vr;
      y = y*y;
    }

    /* accept or reject */
    V = _unur_call_urng(gen->urng);
    y *= V;

    /* evaluate squeeze */
    if (gen->variant & SSR_VARFLAG_SQUEEZE) {
      xx = 2 * X;
      if ( xx >= GEN->xl && xx <= GEN->xr && y <= GEN->fm/4. )
	return (X + DISTR.mode);
    }

    /* Compute X */
    X += DISTR.mode;

    /* evaluate PDF */
    if (y <= PDF(X))
      return X;
  }
    
} /* end of _unur_ssr_sample() */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

double
_unur_ssr_sample_check( struct unur_gen *gen )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* sample from generator and verify that method can be used             */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   gen ... pointer to generator object                                */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* return:                                                              */
     /*   double (sample from random variate)                                */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* error:                                                               */
     /*   return UNUR_INFINITY                                               */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{ 
  double U,V,X,xx,fx,y;

  /* check arguments */
  CHECK_NULL(gen,UNUR_INFINITY);  COOKIE_CHECK(gen,CK_SSR_GEN,UNUR_INFINITY);

  while (1) {
    /* uniform ~U(0,1) */
    while ( _unur_iszero(U = GEN->Aleft + _unur_call_urng(gen->urng) * GEN->Ain) );

    if (U < GEN->al) {        /* first part */
      X = - GEN->vl * GEN->vl / U;
      y = (U / GEN->vl);
      y = y*y;
    }
    else if (U <= GEN->ar) {  /* second part */
      X = GEN->xl + (U-GEN->al)/GEN->fm;
      y = GEN->fm;
    }
    else {                   /* third part */
      X = GEN->vr * GEN->vr / (GEN->um * GEN->vr - (U-GEN->ar));
      y = (GEN->A - U) / GEN->vr;
      y = y*y;
    }

    /* compute PDF at x */
    fx = PDF(X + DISTR.mode);

    /* verify hat function */
    if ( (1.+UNUR_EPSILON) * y < fx )
      _unur_error(gen->genid,UNUR_ERR_GEN_CONDITION,"PDF(x) > hat(x)");

    /* accept or reject */
    V = _unur_call_urng(gen->urng);
    y *= V;

    /* evaluate and check squeeze */
    if (gen->variant & SSR_VARFLAG_SQUEEZE) {
      xx = 2 * X;
      if ( xx >= GEN->xl && xx <= GEN->xr ) {
	/* check squeeze */
	if ( fx < (1.-UNUR_EPSILON) * GEN->fm/4. )
	  _unur_error(gen->genid,UNUR_ERR_GEN_CONDITION,"PDF(x) < squeeze(x)");
	/* evaluate squeeze */
	if ( y <= GEN->fm/4. )
	  return (X + DISTR.mode);
      }
    }

    /* Compute X */
    X += DISTR.mode;

    /* evaluate PDF */
    if (y <= fx)
      return X;
  }
    
} /* end of _unur_ssr_sample_check() */

/*****************************************************************************/
/**  Auxilliary Routines                                                    **/
/*****************************************************************************/

int
_unur_ssr_hat( struct unur_gen *gen )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* compute universal hat                                                */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   gen ... pointer to generator object                                */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* return:                                                              */
     /*   UNUR_SUCCESS ... on success                                        */
     /*   error code   ... on error                                          */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{ 
  double vm, fm;             /* width of rectangle, PDF at mode              */
  double left,right;

  /* check arguments */
  CHECK_NULL( gen, UNUR_ERR_NULL );
  COOKIE_CHECK( gen,CK_SSR_GEN, UNUR_ERR_COOKIE );

  /* compute PDF at mode (if not given by user) */
  if (!(gen->set & SSR_SET_PDFMODE)) {
    fm = PDF(DISTR.mode);
    /* fm must be positive */
    if (fm <= 0.) {
      _unur_warning(gen->genid,UNUR_ERR_GEN_DATA,"PDF(mode) <= 0.");
      return UNUR_ERR_GEN_DATA;
    }
    if (!_unur_isfinite(fm)) {
      _unur_warning(GENTYPE,UNUR_ERR_PAR_SET,"PDF(mode) overflow");
      return UNUR_ERR_PAR_SET;
    }
    GEN->fm = fm;        /* PDF at mode */
    GEN->um = sqrt(fm);  /* square root of PDF at mode */
  }

  /* compute parameters */
  vm = DISTR.area / GEN->um;

  if (gen->set & SSR_SET_CDFMODE) {
    /* cdf at mode known */
    GEN->vl = -GEN->Fmode * vm;
    GEN->vr = vm + GEN->vl;
    GEN->xl = GEN->vl/GEN->um;
    GEN->xr = GEN->vr/GEN->um;
    GEN->A  = 2 * DISTR.area;
    GEN->al = (DISTR.BD_LEFT  < DISTR.mode) ? (GEN->Fmode * DISTR.area) : 0.;
    GEN->ar = (DISTR.BD_RIGHT > DISTR.mode) ? (GEN->al + DISTR.area) : GEN->A;
    /* Compute areas below hat in left tails and inside domain of PDF */
    if ( (DISTR.BD_LEFT > -UNUR_INFINITY) &&
	 (DISTR.BD_LEFT < DISTR.mode) )
      GEN->Aleft = GEN->vl * GEN->vl / (DISTR.mode - DISTR.BD_LEFT);
    else
      GEN->Aleft = 0.;
    
    if ( (DISTR.BD_RIGHT < UNUR_INFINITY) &&
	 (DISTR.BD_RIGHT > DISTR.mode) )
      GEN->Ain = GEN->A - GEN->vr * GEN->vr / (DISTR.BD_RIGHT - DISTR.mode);
    else
      GEN->Ain = GEN->A;
    GEN->Ain -= GEN->Aleft;
  }

  else {
    /* cdf at mode unknown */
    GEN->vl = -vm;
    GEN->vr = vm;
    GEN->xl = GEN->vl/GEN->um;
    GEN->xr = GEN->vr/GEN->um;
    GEN->A  = 4 * DISTR.area;
    GEN->al = DISTR.area;
    GEN->ar = 3 * DISTR.area;
    /* Compute areas below hat in left tails and inside domain of PDF */
    if (DISTR.BD_LEFT > -UNUR_INFINITY) {
      left = DISTR.BD_LEFT - DISTR.mode;
      GEN->Aleft = (GEN->xl > left) 
	? (GEN->vl * GEN->vl / (-left)) 
	: (GEN->al + GEN->fm * (left - GEN->xl));
    }
    else 
      GEN->Aleft = 0.;
    
    if (DISTR.BD_RIGHT < UNUR_INFINITY) {
      right = DISTR.BD_RIGHT - DISTR.mode;
      GEN->Ain = (GEN->xr < right) 
	? (GEN->A - GEN->vr * GEN->vr / right)
	: (GEN->ar - GEN->fm * (GEN->xr - right));
    }
    else 
      GEN->Ain = GEN->A;
    GEN->Ain -= GEN->Aleft;
  }

#ifdef UNUR_ENABLE_LOGGING
  /* write info into LOG file */
#endif

  return UNUR_SUCCESS;
} /* end of _unur_ssr_hat() */

/*****************************************************************************/
/**  Debugging utilities                                                    **/
/*****************************************************************************/

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#ifdef UNUR_ENABLE_LOGGING
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static void
_unur_ssr_debug_init( const struct unur_gen *gen, int is_reinit )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* write info about generator into LOG file                             */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   gen ... pointer to generator object                                */
     /*   is_reinit ... if TRUE the generator has been reinitialized         */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{
  FILE *LOG;

  /* check arguments */
  CHECK_NULL(gen,RETURN_VOID);  COOKIE_CHECK(gen,CK_SSR_GEN,RETURN_VOID);

  LOG = unur_get_stream();

  fprintf(LOG,"%s:\n",gen->genid);
  if (!is_reinit) {
    fprintf(LOG,"%s: type    = continuous univariate random variates\n",gen->genid);
    fprintf(LOG,"%s: method  = ssr (simple universal transformed density rection)\n",gen->genid);
  }
  else
    fprintf(LOG,"%s: reinit!\n",gen->genid);
  fprintf(LOG,"%s:\n",gen->genid);

  _unur_distr_cont_debug( gen->distr, gen->genid );

  fprintf(LOG,"%s: sampling routine = _unur_ssr_sample",gen->genid);
  if (gen->variant & SSR_VARFLAG_VERIFY)
    fprintf(LOG,"_check");
  /* else if (gen->variant & SSR_VARFLAG_MIRROR)     not implemented */
  /*   fprintf(LOG,"_mirror"); */
  fprintf(LOG,"()\n%s:\n",gen->genid);

  if (gen->set & SSR_SET_CDFMODE)
    fprintf(LOG,"%s: CDF at mode = %g\n",gen->genid,GEN->Fmode);
  else
    fprintf(LOG,"%s: CDF at mode unknown\n",gen->genid);

  if (gen->variant & SSR_VARFLAG_SQUEEZE)
    fprintf(LOG,"%s: use universal squeeze\n",gen->genid);
  else
    fprintf(LOG,"%s: no (universal) squeeze\n",gen->genid);

  /*   if (gen->variant & SSR_VARFLAG_MIRROR) */
  /*     fprintf(LOG,"%s: use mirror principle\n",gen->genid); */

  fprintf(LOG,"%s:\n",gen->genid);

  fprintf(LOG,"%s: parts:\n",gen->genid);
  fprintf(LOG,"%s:\txl = %g\n",gen->genid,GEN->xl);
  fprintf(LOG,"%s:\txr = %g\n",gen->genid,GEN->xr);
  fprintf(LOG,"%s:\n",gen->genid);

  fprintf(LOG,"%s: PDF at mode:\n",gen->genid);
  fprintf(LOG,"%s:\tfm = %g\n",gen->genid,GEN->fm);
  fprintf(LOG,"%s:\tum = %g\n",gen->genid,GEN->um);
  fprintf(LOG,"%s:\n",gen->genid);

  fprintf(LOG,"%s: areas:\n",gen->genid);
  fprintf(LOG,"%s:\t    al = %g\n",gen->genid,GEN->al);
  fprintf(LOG,"%s:\t    ar = %g\n",gen->genid,GEN->ar);
  fprintf(LOG,"%s:\t Aleft = %g\n",gen->genid,GEN->Aleft);
  fprintf(LOG,"%s:\t   Ain = %g\n",gen->genid,GEN->Ain);
  fprintf(LOG,"%s:\tAtotal = %g\n",gen->genid,GEN->A);

  fprintf(LOG,"%s:\n",gen->genid);

} /* end of _unur_ssr_debug_init() */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#endif   /* end UNUR_ENABLE_LOGGING */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#ifdef UNUR_ENABLE_INFO
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

void
_unur_ssr_info( struct unur_gen *gen, int help )
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
     /* create character string that contains information about the          */
     /* given generator object.                                              */
     /*                                                                      */
     /* parameters:                                                          */
     /*   gen  ... pointer to generator object                               */
     /*   help ... whether to print additional comments                      */
     /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
{
  struct unur_string *info = gen->infostr;
  struct unur_distr *distr = gen->distr;
  int samplesize = 10000;
  double rc, rc_approx;

  /* generator ID */
  _unur_string_append(info,"generator ID: %s\n\n", gen->genid);
  
  /* distribution */
  _unur_string_append(info,"distribution:\n");
  _unur_distr_info_typename(gen);
  _unur_string_append(info,"   functions = PDF\n");
  _unur_string_append(info,"   domain    = (%g, %g)\n", DISTR.domain[0],DISTR.domain[1]);
  _unur_string_append(info,"   mode      = %g   %s\n", DISTR.mode,
		      (distr->set & UNUR_DISTR_SET_MODE_APPROX) ? "[numeric.]" : "");
  _unur_string_append(info,"   area(PDF) = %g\n", DISTR.area);
  if (gen->set & SSR_SET_CDFMODE)
    _unur_string_append(info,"   F(mode)   = %g\n", GEN->Fmode); 
  else
    _unur_string_append(info,"   F(mode)   = [unknown]\n"); 

  if (help) {
    if ( distr->set & UNUR_DISTR_SET_MODE_APPROX ) 
      _unur_string_append(info,"\n[ Hint: %s ]\n",
			  "You may provide the \"mode\"");
  }
  _unur_string_append(info,"\n");

  /* method */
  _unur_string_append(info,"method: SSR (Simple Setup Rejection)\n");
  if (gen->set & SSR_SET_CDFMODE)
    _unur_string_append(info,"   use CDF at mode\n");
  if (gen->variant & SSR_VARFLAG_SQUEEZE)
    _unur_string_append(info,"   use squeeze\n");
  _unur_string_append(info,"\n");

  /* performance */
  _unur_string_append(info,"performance characteristics:\n");
  rc = (gen->set & SSR_SET_CDFMODE) ? 2. : 4.;
  if (_unur_isfinite(DISTR.BD_RIGHT) || _unur_isfinite(DISTR.BD_LEFT)) {
    rc_approx = unur_test_count_urn(gen,samplesize,0,NULL)/(2.*samplesize);
    _unur_string_append(info,"   rejection constant <= %g  [approx. = %.2f]\n", rc,rc_approx);
  }
  else {
    _unur_string_append(info,"   rejection constant = %g\n", rc);
  }
  _unur_string_append(info,"\n");

  /* parameters */
  if (help) {
    _unur_string_append(info,"parameters:\n");
    if (gen->set & SSR_SET_CDFMODE)
      _unur_string_append(info,"   cdfatmode = %g\n", GEN->Fmode); 
    else
      _unur_string_append(info,"   cdfatmode = [not set]\n"); 

    if (gen->variant & SSR_VARFLAG_SQUEEZE)
      _unur_string_append(info,"   usesqueeze\n");

    if (gen->variant & SSR_VARFLAG_VERIFY)
      _unur_string_append(info,"   verify = on\n");

    _unur_string_append(info,"\n");

    /* Not displayed:
       int unur_ssr_set_pdfatmode( UNUR_PAR *parameters, double fmode );
    */
  }

  /* Hints */
  if (help) {
    if ( !(gen->set & SSR_SET_CDFMODE))
      _unur_string_append(info,"[ Hint: %s ]\n",
			  "You can set \"cdfatmode\" to reduce the rejection constant.");
    _unur_string_append(info,"\n");
  }

} /* end of _unur_ssr_info() */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#endif   /* end UNUR_ENABLE_INFO */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
